"Лица британской империи"

« Лица Британской Истории»

«Лица Британской Истории». Учебное пособие/авт.-сост. З.С.Бахарева. – Великий Новгород: МАОУ ПКС «Институт образовательного маркетинга и кадровых ресурсов», 2023.

Учебное пособие «Лица Британской Истории» предназначено для обучающихся, интересующихся историей Великобритании. Пособие может быть использовано для домашнего чтения, подготовки к конкурсам и олимпиадам, для организации индивидуального обучения. Предлагаемые задания структурированы с учётом требований ФГОС, поэтому будут полезны для подготовки к ВПР и ОГЭ.

Введение

Курс изучения английского языка рассчитан на десять лет обучения. Он включает в себя развитие коммуникативных компетенций, развитие универсальных учебных действий, но он не рассказывает о взаимоотношениях Великобритании и России, не раскрывает характер Британской нации, её лидеров, определявших развитие государства в определённый период его развития. Почему бритты стали англичанами? Кто совершил индустриальную революцию? И один из главных вопросов современности: где корни яростной русофобии современных британских правящих кругов?

В данной книге история Великобритании представлена от древних бриттов до двадцатого века в лицах. Часть персонажей представлена коллективно: бритты, римляне, англосаксы, нормандцы; выдающимся лидерам таким, как королева Елизавета I , королева Виктория, Уинстон Черчилль посвящены целые главы.

В конце каждой главы даются задания для закрепления пройденного, его контролю, а также творческие задания в виде кроссвордов. Данная книга для чтения способствует повышению культурного уровня старшеклассников, способствует развитию интереса к изучаемому предмету и повышает уровень коммуникативной компетенции.

Пояснительная записка

Книга для чтения «Лица Британской истории» представляет собой пособие по страноведению для обучающихся старшей школы. Она посвящена истории страны изучаемого предмета, её лидерам и достижениям.

Цель пособия: систематизировать знания обучающихся о социокультурной специфики Великобритании.

Задачи:

- развивающая: совершенствование универсальных учебных действий в чтении и письме;

- обучающая: повысить уровень умения выделять общее и различное на примере исторических фактов;

- воспитательная; формирование мировоззрения, соответствующему уровню развития науки, основанного на диалоге культур.

Данная книга актуальна в свете последних международных событий: британские политики демонстрируют высочайший уровень русофобии во всех её проявлениях. Встаёт вопрос о её происхождении, то есть об истории этого государства.

Содержание книги новое, оно основано на фактах, представленных в разных уважаемых первоисточниках, указанных в Приложении. Это работы Ю.Голицынского, Г.С.Усовой и других.

Идея показать возникновение, формирование, развитие государства на территории Британских островов в лицах оригинальна, в известных пособиях для учебных заведений не использовалась. Часть персонажей представлены коллективно: бритты, римляне, англосаксы. Великим политикам, выдающимся людям посвящены отдельные главы: королева Елизавета I, королева Виктория. Политические лидеры описаны на фоне своей эпохи, например, Кромвель.

Главы расположены в хронологическом порядке, оформление соответствует тематике.

В конце каждой главы даются задания, которые учитель может использовать для закрепления материала, для его контроля. Заключительные задания носят творческий характер: это или письмо, или кроссворд. Задания разработаны согласно требованиям ФГОС.

Рекомендуемая педагогическая технология: технология развития критического мышления через чтение и письмо С.И.Заир-Бека, И.В.Муштавинской.

В результате освоения представленной книги обучающиеся достигнут следующих результатов:

- личностные: сформируется толерантное сознание, необходимое для существования в поликультурном мире;

- метапредметные: повысится уровень способности к самостоятельной информационно-познавательной деятельности;

- предметные: расширен кругозор обучающихся за счёт социокультурных фактов страны изучаемого предмета.

Книга для чтения «Лица Британской Истории» может быть рекомендована учителям английского языка как интересная и познавательная для домашнего чтения. На её основе можно разработать программу для внеурочной деятельности или программу для дополнительного образования. Она будет эффективна для формирования индивидуальной образовательной траектории для одарённых детей и их подготовки к олимпиадам.

Содержание

Стоунхендж

Альфред Великий

Вестминстерское Аббатство

Лондонский Тауэр

Робин Гуд

Города

Войны в истории Англии

Елизавета I

Френсис Дрейк

Шерсть и «Утопия»

Великие мыслители и великие бедствия

Лидеры Индустриальной Революции

Викторианская эпоха

«Звезда Века»

Contents

Stonehenge

Alfred the Great

Westminster Abbey

The Tower of London

Robin Hood

Towns

Wars in the English History

Elizabeth I

Francis Drake

Wool and “Utopia”

Great Thinkers and Great Disasters

British Names on the World’s Map

Leaders of the Industrial Revolution

Victorian Age

The Star of the Century

Stonehenge

First Men on the Territory of Britain

A. Nobody knows exactly when the first men appeared on the territory of Britain. Wild animals and wild men could walk everywhere. Archeologists find some stone tools there. The Cave Men lived after them. Their tools were better made. Besides, we can see some drawings of ancient animals in the caves of Britain. Many different tribes followed each other during many centuries. All those people left no names, no writing. They lived on the territory of modern England 3.000years ago. Their skeletons, bones, rough cups are housed in the Cave Men’s museum. Their tools were made of bronze. There were barrows with nice ornaments, brooches and necklaces in the caves. These people are called Britons.

B. Britons lived in the south of Britain. Nowadays this territory is called Kent. They were strong and brave. They didn’t plant corn but were fond of breeding animals, especially horses. The standard of Kent was a white horse. They made boats covered with skin’s animals. They worshiped Nature. Their priests were named the Druids. Stonehenge is considered to be their greatest temple.

C. Britons, who gave their name to the island, were Celts. In the west and north lived other tribes called Gaels. They had a trade with the continent. The Roman nation which was the strongest and the most powerful at that time learnt about “the wild people who lived on the edge of the civilized world”. Julius Caesar went to the island and landed there twice. But it was the Emperor Claudius who conquered the Britons in 43 AD. The Roman pushed Britons to the west to the mountains of Wales. Now we can find there the people whose forefathers were ancient Britons.

D. The early Britons tried to struggle for their independence. There were two brave chieves who resisted the Roman conquest. One of them was Boadicia, the queen of one of British tribes. She led her people in battle but the enemies were stronger. The statue of her showing her standing in a war chariot with two wild horses stands on the Westminster Bridge facing the Houses of Parliament in London. The second great chief was Caractacus. The rebellion headed by him was also unsuccessful. For their protection the Romans built a line of forts between the rivers Clyde and Forth. In 122 the Roman Emperor Hadrian built a double wall between the rivers Tyne and Solway to protect the southern part of the country from “the wild people” who lived in the territory known today as Scotland.

E. Britain had been a province of the Roman Empire for three hundred and twenty-five years. During that time Britain became a civilized country of towns and good roads. The Romans learnt Britons to make many useful things. At first they made good ports with big cranes and stone warehouses. They built nice cities, for example London and York and other fifty smaller ones. Each large city had an open-to-sky theatre and a gymnasium where Roman soldiers could train. There were different kinds of shops which located on two sides of the main square. Buildings were two-storied, made of stone with water supply and baths. The Romans built straight stone roads to every part of the country. They built nice villas in the sunniest and healthiest places, for example, in the town of Bath.

F. There are many things in Britain to remind the people of the Romans. First of all the names of modern English towns are of Latin origin. The Roman towns were called “castra”, “cester” which means “camps”. This word can be recognized in Lancaster, Manchester, Winchester. The word “street” came from the Latin “strata”, “port” from “the Latin “portus’, ”wall” from “vallum” and so on. Watling Street still runs from London to Chester. There are many stations in London Underground with the word “gate”in their names - Aldgate, Moorgate. In the Roman time from these gates started the great roads. The chief Roman roads are still among the highways of modern England.

I. Match the headings with the paragraphs. One heading is extra.

1. Animals’ lovers.

2. The history of some names.

3. They had neither writing nor drawing.

4. English fighters for freedom.

5. Julius Caesar’s conquering England.

6. People from the edge of the world.

7. Great builders.

II. Read the text and decide if the sentences in the task are True (T), False (F) or Not Stated (NS).

1. Romans were great builders.

2. Before battles Britons drank drugs made by Druids.

3. Cave Men could draw.

4. Celts lived in every part of England.

5. The Emperor Claudius was the first Roman chief to visit England.

6. Ancient Britons lived on the territory of the nowadays Kent.

7. The English asked the Romans not to leave the country.

8. Britons planted different kinds of corn.

9. British tribes were happy to see the Romans in England.

10. The Roman invasion helped England to develop.

III. Choose the correct subjects.

1. ….were founded by the Romans.

2. …..of first men were made of stone.

3. ….built a great wall to protect the southern part of the island.

4. …..drew the pictures of ancient animals.

5. ….built straight stone roads.

6. …..lived in the northern part of the island.

7. …..came to England twice.

8. ….lived in the south of England.

9. …..was a theatre and a gymnasium in every large city.

10. ….of many English towns have the Latin origin.

IV. Use the correct forms of the given words.

“Caractacus was a great 1(Britain) chief. He organized the Britons against the Roman 2(to invade). But they lost the 3 (important) battle. He was taken to Rome as a 4(prison). He didn’t behave there as a 5(to frighten) person. He said to the Roman Emperor: “You fight to make everybody 6(you) slaves. I fought for 7(to free) of my country.”

V. Fill in the correct forms of the given verbs.

“Less than twenty years after the Roman 1(to invade) the Iceni tribe made a 2 to rebel). They 3(to head) by their warlike Queen Boadice. The 4( to rebel) destroyed the Roman town of Colchester. Then London 5(to burn) to the ground and the people 6(to kill). The Roman governor at that time was a famous soldier 7(to name) Suetonius. He had 10.000 8(to train) soldiers and Queen Boadice had got ten times that number. Suetonius was sure his soldiers 9(to win) the Queen’s army. The experienced commander-in-chief attacked them in the wood and the Britons 10(to beat).”

VI. Match the beginning of the sentence with its ending to make up a short story on Stonehenge. One ending is extra.

Alfred the Great

A. In the end of the 4^th century the country was invaded by the barbaric tribes. The Romans had to leave Britain to defend their own country. Germanic tribes began to migrate to Britain. The Angels and the Jutes came from the Jutland Peninsula. The Saxons arrived from the territory lying between the Reign and the Elbe rivers. The British fought fiercely again the invaders and it took 150 years for the Angels, the Jutes and the Saxons to conquer the country. The British natives (the Celts) who remained independent lived in the West of England. They were called the Welsh. It meant ‘foreigners’ as the newcomers didn’t understand their language.

B. Most of the Anglo-Saxons settled far from the Roman towns. They lived in the villages and used to cattle-breeding, hunting and fishing. All the men were equal. The newcomers believed in many gods. They worshipped the sun and the moon, the trees. They named the days of the week after their gods. Thus Sunday meant the Sun’s day, Monday – the Moon’s day.

The Anglo-Saxons formed 7 small kingdoms. In 829 King Wessex (King Egbert) became the most powerful of them and all the others agreed to unite under his government into one kingdom which started to be called England.

C. The Anglo-Saxons had to unite in front of the dangerous enemy named the Northmen. The barbarian tribes from the North began to attack the island. In different countries the Northmen were known by such names as the Vikings, the Normans, the Danes. They won the English as there was neither regular army nor fleet in the kingdom. The Danes were well-armed. They had swords, spears, axes and bows. Their ships were long, narrow and could sail both in sea and in a river. A ship carried about a hundred men on board.

D. Only Egbert’s grandson Alfred managed to stop the Danes. He organized the army and built a war fleet in Wessex. Besides, Alfred started the famous Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. It is the first history of England. It begins with the history of the early Britons. That’s why in the history of England he was named as Alfred the Great.

E. At that time England was divided into two parts: the Danelaw and Wessex under Alfred’s rule. As the Danes were of the same Germanic origin as the Anglo-Saxons they easily conquered the island after the Alfred’s death. Canute, King of Denmark, became King of England as well. The country got a king who wasn’t an Englishman. But Canute was converted to Christianity and he gave England peace.

I. Match the paragraphs with the headings. One heading is extra.

1. The first king of England.

2. The foreigner on the English throne.

3. Invaders from the East.

4. The first English historian.

5. The guests from the West stayed for two hundred years.

6. The lifestyle of the newcomers.

II. Read the text and decide if each sentence in the task is True (T), False (F) or Not Stated (NS).

1. The English made the Romans leave the country.

2. The invaders conquered the island for a hundred and a half years.

3. The Angels and the Saxons occupied all parts of the island.

4. The Celts named the invaders ‘foreigners’.

5. The newcomers didn’t like living in towns.

6. King Egbert built a great fleet to defend the country.

7. Seven small kingdoms united in one state.

8. Alfred the Great built the first church.

9. The Danes were alike the Angels and the Saxons.

10. The Danish arms and ships were good for invasion.

III. Choose the subjects.

1…..invaded the island in the end of the 4^th century.

2. …. came from the East of Europe.

3. …..had to migrate to the West of the island.

4. ….. became the first English king.

5. …..began to write the history of the country.

6. …..became the first English king who didn’t know English.

7. …..was divided into two parts.

8. …..ships could sail and row.

9. The …..believed in many gods.

10. …..was named as the place where foreigners lived.

IV. Use the correct forms of the given verbs.

1. The British island (to invade) by barbaric tribes.

2. They (to come) from the East of Europe.

3. The newcomers (to name) the Celts ‘foreigners’.

4. The days of the week (to call) after the Anglo-Saxon’s gods.

5. The seven small kingdoms (to unite) into one kingdom.

6. It (to name) England.

7. The barbarian tribes from the North (to know) in different countries as the Vikings, the Normans, the Danes.

8. They (to won) the island.

9. Their king (to become) King of England as well.

10. He (not to know) English language.

V. Fill in the articles: a/an, the, 0.

1……Romans left 2…..Britain.

3. …..Germanic tribes invaded 4…..country.

They came from 5….. East of 6…..Europe.

Their home territory was between 7…..Rhine and 8…..Elbe.

9…..Celts had to migrate to 10…..Wales.

VI. Use the correct forms of the given words.

The Celtic 1(native) had to live in Wales. They wanted to be 2(to depend).The Anglo-Saxons called them 3(foreign). King Egbert was the most 4(power) one among seven small kingdoms. He became 5(one) English king. His grandson Alfred fought against the 6(danger) enemy. The Danes and the Anglo-Saxons were of the same 7(Germany) origin. In different countries they were 8(to know) as the Vikings, the Normans. They were 9(skill) sailors and 10 (war).

1. Choose the correct words to make up the plot of the text. The letter at the number marks the first letter of the world.

“The 5^th century was the century of (1N) in the British history. When the Romans left the island, it was attacked by the (2T). The( 3A) came from the Jutland Peninsular. The (4S) lived between the Reign and the Elbe rivers. The British natives (5C) left for (6W). The Anglo-Saxon king Egbert got the (7P) to unite them into one kingdom named England. Later another powerful Germanic tribe namely the (8D) attacked England. They had a lot of good (9S) which could sail at (10S) and in rivers. Only the English King (11A) could stop them. The King was called the Great as he started writing the history of the country beginning with the early (12B). After his death (13C), the King of Denmark, became the English King.”

Westminster Abbey

A. The history of Christianity in Britain started in 597. The Roman Pope sent forty monks to the island to convert the Anglo-Saxons. The first kingdom to be converted was Kent where the monks landed. The first church was built in the town of Canterbury, that’s why the archbishop of Canterbury is now Head of the Church of England. The spread of Christianity was of great importance for the British culture. The Roman monks brought a lot of books to Britain. They were written in Latin. The first services were in Latin as well. Christian religion served the interests of the rich Anglo-Saxons because it promised eternal happiness after death in ‘next world’. Many churches and monasteries were built around the country. One of them was a monastery – the West Minster. It dates from the eighth century. The monastery is the work of many hands and different ages.

B. In 1042 after Canute’s son’s deaf the Danish rule was over. An English king came to the throne. It was Edward the Confessor or Saint Edward. He got his name for being a very religious man. Edward spent many years in Normandy, France. When he became an English king he decided to make a beautiful Norman Abbey. Edward the Confessor was buried in it in 1066. Nowadays it is safe to say that Westminster Abbey is one of the three most famous buildings in England which stands opposite the Houses of Parliament.

C. In 200 years Henry III decided to pull down the Norman Abbey and build a more beautiful one after the style then prevailing in France. The Abbey was rebuilt in a Gothic style. Since then the Abbey remains the most French of all English Gothic churches, higher than any other English church (103 feet) and much narrower.

D. One of the greater glories of the Abbey is the Chapel of Henry VII, with its delicate fan-vaulting. The Chapel is of stone and glass, so wonderfully cut and sculptured that it seems unreal. It contains an interesting collection of swords and standards of the “Knights of the Bath”. The Abbey is famous for its stained glass. There are the gold-and-silver banners of the Order of the Garter which are hanging from the ceiling.

E. Since the time of William the Conqueror, Westminster Abbey has been the crowning place of the kings and queens of England. The Abbey is sometimes compared with a mausoleum, because there are tombs and memorials of almost all English monarchs. They are magnificent and made of gold and precious stones.

F. Many statesmen, famous scientists, writers and musicians are buried in the Abbey. In 1997, the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, took place there. There is Poets’ Corner in Westminster Abbey. There many of the greatest writers are buried: Geoffrey Chaucer’, Samuel Johnson, Charles Dickens, Alfred Tennyson, Thomas Hardy and Rudyard Kipling. Here too, though these writers are not buried in Westminster Abbey, are memorials to William Shakespeare and John Milton, Burns and Byron, Walter Scott, William Makepeace Thackeray and the great American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

G. Here in the Abbey there is also the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, a symbol of the nation’s grief. The inscription on the tomb reads: “Beneath this stone rests the body of a British Warrior unknown by name or rank brought from France to lie among the most illustrious of the land...” In the Royal Air Force Chapel there is a monument to those who died during the Battle of Britain, the famous and decisive air battle over the territory of Britain in the Second World War.

REFERENCES

The Chapel of Henry VII часовня Генриха VII (сооружена в 1503–1513 гг.; один из лучших образцов перпендикулярного архитектурного стиля)

Edward the Confessor Эдуард Исповедник (король Англии с 1042 по 1066 гг.)

Henry III Генрих III (1207–1272), английский король с 1216 г. (при Генрихе III создан первый английский парламент)

fan-vaulting нервюры, веерный ребристый свод (характерная черта перпендикулярного архитектурного стиля)

“Knights of the Bath” кавалеры ордена Бани (один из высших орденов; учреждён в 1425 г.)

stained glass витраж (цветные стекла в окнах, дверях, составляющие орнаментальную композицию)

the Order of the Garter орден Подвязки (высший орден; число награждённых, не считая иностранцев, не должно превышать 24; учреждён в 1348 г.)

Geoffrey Chaucer Джефри Чосер (1340–1400), поэт, прозаик, “отец английской поэзии”; автор “Кентерберийских рассказов” – одного из первых памятников на общеанглийском литературном языке

Samuel Johnson Сэмюэл Джонсон (1709–1784), английский критик и поэт, составитель словарей

Alfred Tennyson Алфред Теннисон (1809–1892), английский поэт, автор цикла поэм “Королевские идиллии” (1859)

Thomas Hardy Томас Харди (1840–1928), английский романист и лирический поэт, автор романов Тэсс из рода д’Эрбервиллей (1891) и Джуд Незаметный (1896)

Rudyard Kipling Редьярд Киплинг (1865–1936), английский писатель и поэт, автор рассказов о жизни мальчика Маугли среди зверей (Книга джунглей, 1894, Вторая книга джунглей, 1895), автор стихов, баллад; лауреат Нобелевской премии (1907)

John Milton Джон Мильтон (1608–1674), английский поэт, политический деятель; завершает историческую полосу развития художественной культуры Англии, возникшей в эпоху Возрождения; автор поэм “Потерянный рай” (1667), “Возвращенный рай” (1671) и др.

William Makepeace Thackeray Уильям Мейкпис Теккерей (1811–1863), английский романист, автор романа “Ярмарка тщеславия” (1848), воплотившего социально-типические пороки буржуазного общества, исторических романов “История Генри Эсмонда” (1852) и “Виргинцы” (1857)

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Генри Уодсуорт Лонгфелло (1807–1882), известный американский поэт, автор поэмы “Песнь о Гайавате” (1855) – эпоса о народном герое индейцев

Royal Air Force ВВСВеликобритании

Battle of Britain БитвазаАнглию(воздушные бои в районе Лондона и южной Англии в 1940–1941 гг.)

Tasks

I. Match the paragraphs to the headings. One heading is extra.

1. A British mausoleum.

2. The builders of the British wonder.

3. A new religion.

4.The most beautiful ceiling and windows.

5. The glory of the nation.

6. An English king on the English throne.

7. The changing of the style.

8. British defenders.

II. Read the text and decide if the sentences in the task are True (T), Falls (F) or Not Stated (NS).

1. The Roman Pope sent monks to conquer Anglo-Saxons.

2. At present The Head of the Church of England is the archbishop of Canterbury.

3. The first services and books were in English.

4. About a hundred churches were built in Britain in the sixth century.

5. Edward the Confessor was buried in Westminster Abbey.

6. Westminster Abbey is one of the most beautiful monasteries in Europe.

7. There are some interesting collections in the Abbey now

. 8. The Abbey is famous for its beautiful ceiling and stain glass.

9. The Tomb of the Unknown Warrior is outside the Abbey.

10. All the famous English poets and writers are buried in Westminster Abbey.

III. Choose the subjects.

1. …..sent monks to convert the Anglo-Saxons.

2. …..was the fist town to be converted.

3. …..was the town where the fist church was built.

4. …..was a religious king.

5. …..was one of the first English monasteries.

6. …..is a wonderful fan-vaulting ceiling in Westminster Abbey

. 7. …..of Knights of the Bath is housed in Westminster Abbey.

8. ….of the Order of the Garter are hanging from the ceiling.

9. …..is visited by thousands of readers every year.

10. …..is a symbol of the British grief and memory.

IV. Use the correct forms of the given words.

“ Westminster Abbey I one of the three most 1(fame ) sights in London. It stands 2(to oppose) The Houses of Parliament. The Abbey is 3(high) than other English churches. There is a wonderful 4(to collect) of swords in it. The Abbey is a 5( memory) to the British kings and queens. Many great 6(science), 7(to write), 8(music) are buried there. There are memorials to 9(to know) 10(war) in Westminster Abbey.”

V. Fill in the correct forms of the given verbs.

“ In 597 forty monks 1( to send) by the Roman Pope to England. They 2( to land)in Kent and 3( to bring) first books to the country. The books 3( to write) in Latin. The Anglo-Saxons 5(can not) read them. Alfred the Great 6 (to translate) some parts of the Bible into English. Later many churches and monasteries 7 (to build) around England. The Norman Abbey 8 (to build) by Edward the Confessor. Henry VII built his Chapel which 9 (to make) of stone and glass and 10(to decorate) with beautiful fan-vaulting ceiling”.

VI. Make up the history of Westminster Abbey in short choosing the correct words. One word is extra.

“Christianity in Britain started in the town of (1), Kent, in the (2) century. A beautiful monastery was built by the English King (3) the Confessor. It was made in a (4) style because the king had lived in France for a long time. Later (5) III rebuilt the Abbey in a (6) style. Nowadays Westminster Abbey is compared with a (7) because there are (8) of English kings and queens in it. Also there is the Tomb of the Unknown (9) in it as a (10) of the national grief.”

The Tower of London

A. One of the most ancient buildings of the British capital is the Tower of London. It was started with the White Tower. It was named so as it was built of white stone. William the Conqueror founded it to protect and control the City of London. William the Conqueror was a Norman Duke and a nephew of English King Edward the Confessor who promised him an English crown. But the English didn’t want a Norman king and proclaimed Harold, the Anglo-Saxon Earl, King of England. There was a great battle between the Normans and Anglo-Saxons at Hastings on October 14, 1066. Harold was killed in the battle and William marched his army to London. On Christmas he was crowned in Westminster Abbey.

B. William took lands from Saxon nobles and gave them to his Norman barons. They didn’t feel safe in the conquered country. There were some rebellions against the Normans. So William ordered to build castles for defenсe. The castles dominated over the country round. They had thick walls, high massive towers. They were surrounded with a ditch. In the capital William built the White Tower as a symbol of his power.

C. Later other towers were added and surrounded by a stone wall to form one of the strongest fortresses in Britain which we know now as the Tower of London. William’s sons and each monarch have left some kind of personal mark on the Tower. For many centuries it has been a fortress, a palace, a prison and royal treasury as it houses the Crown Jewels now. The White Tower is the oldest and the most important building. It is surrounded by other towers, which all have different names. There is the Salt tower, the Hey tower and even the Bloody one. The grey walls of the Tower could tell terrible stories of violence and injustice. When Queen Elizabeth was a princess, she was sent to the Tower and kept there by her half-sister Mary I (‘Bloody Mary”). It was here that Thomas More, the great humanist, was executed. Two wives of Henry VIII Ann Boleyn and Catherine Howard were executed here as well. .

D. At present the Tower is a museum. It is guarded by the Yeomen Warders, popularly called “Beefeaters”. There are two letters, E. R., on the front of their tunics. They stand for the Queen’s name Elizabeth Regina. The uniform is the same as the one in Tudor times. Their everyday uniform is black and red, but on state occasions they wear a ceremonial dress: fine red state uniforms with the golden and black stripes and the wide lace-collar, which were in fashion in the 16th century.

E. Every night at 10 p.m. in the Tower of London the Ceremony of the Keys (or locking up of the Tower for the night) takes place. It goes back to the Middle Ages. Five minutes before the hour the Headwarder comes out with a bunch of keys and an old lantern. He goes to the guardhouse and cries: “Escort for the keys.” Then he closes the three gates and goes to the sentry, who calls: “Halt, who comes there? The Headwarder replies: “The Keys.” “Whose Keys?” demands the sentry. “Queen Elizabeth’s Keys,” comes the answer. “Advance Queen Elizabeth’s Keys. All’s well.” The keys are finally carried to the Queen’s House where they are safe for the night. After the ceremony everyone who approaches the gate must give the password or be turned away.

F. There are some ravens living in the Tower. Their forefathers found food in the Tower. Nowadays the ravens still live here as a part of the history. There is such a legend that if the ravens disappear the Tower and London will fall. That is why the birds are carefully guarded.

REFERENCES

Beefeaters бифитеры букв, “мясоеды” (прозвищестражниковлондонскогоТауэра)

William the Conqueror Вильгельм Завоеватель (1028–1087) (норманнский герцог, завоевавший Англию, победив в битве при Гастингсе (1066), и ставший её королем)

the Crown Jewels королевскиe регалии (короны, скипетры и др. драгоценности)

Thomas More Томас Мор (1478–1535), английский гуманист, государственный деятель и писатель

Henry VIII Генрих VIII (1491–1547), английский король из династии Тюдоров (прославился тем, что в годы его правления проведена Реформация и началось утверждение англиканской церкви; две из его шести жён были казнены в Тауэре)

Mary I Tudor Мария I Тюдор (1516–1558), английская королева с 1553 г. (жестоко преследовала сторонников Реформации; прозвище – Мария Кровавая; пошла на сближение с папством и католической Испанией)

The White Tower Белая башня, построена в 1078–1097 гг. (самая старая часть Тауэра, древнейший архитектурный памятник Лондона)

the Yeomen Warders лейб-гвардейцы, стражи лондонского Тауэра; тж. Beefeaters

Tudor times времена правления династии Тюдоров (1485–1603) (период Реформации, усиления английского абсолютизма, централизованной власти)

Tasks

I. Match the paragraphs A-F with the headings. One heading is extra.

1. A picturesque tradition.

2. The most important birds.

3. A foreign king.

4. The Tower’s builders.

5. The bloody history.

6. Fortresses around England.

7. The Tudor’s wears.

II. Read the text and decide if the sentences in the text are True (T), False (F) or Not Stated (NS).

1. Anglo-Saxons were eager to get a Norman king.

2. The battle at Hastings was won by the Norman Duke.

3. Edward the Confessor had no children.

4. Norman barons built many large castles to make the country more beautiful.

5. The White Tower was built to control the city if London.

6. There twenty towers in the Tower of London nowadays.

7. The White Tower was built by the Yeomen Warders.

8. “Beefeaters” take care of fifteen ravens in the Tower now.

9. “Beefeaters” wear their black and red uniform every day.

10. The Tower of London has been changing along its history.

III. Choose the subjects.

1. …..guarded the Tower at the past and continue doing it nowadays.

2. …..are kept in the tower as a part of its history.

3. The …..of Keys is held every evening.

4. The …..of the Tower is interesting and bloody.

5. …..was killed in the battle at Hastings.

6. …..built their castles as strong fortresses.

7. …..was built to control the city of London.

8. …..Tudor was called ‘Bloody Mary’.

9. ….. was kept in the Tower when she was a princess.

10. ….. sent his two wives to the Tower.

IV. Use the correct forms of the given verbs.

‘After the deaf of English King Edward the Confessor there 1 (to be) a struggle for the English crown. The English throne 2(to promise) by him to his nephew William, the Duke of Normandy. But Anglo-Saxon nobles 3(not to want) a Norman king. They 4 (to proclaim) Harold, the Anglo-Saxon Earl, King of England. William and Harold 5 (to gather) their armies in 1066. There 6(to be) a great battle on the English coast on October 14. Harold 7 (to kill), and the battle 8 (to lose) for the English. When William came to London, the capital’s gates 9 (to open). He 10(to crown) in Westminster Abbey on Christmas day.’

V. Fill in the correct forms of the given words.

“ The Tower of London was one of the 1(strong) fortresses in England. The White Tower is the 2(old 3(to build) in it. There are many 4(interest) traditions in the Tower. The guards change their 5(tradition) everyday uniforms on 6(ceremony) days. Some ravens are 7(care) kept in the Tower. The English believe that if they 8(to appear) London will fall. Nowadays the Tower is used as the Royal 9(treasure) and the museum of 10(arms).”

VI. Guess the word.

“ It started with the White (1) . It was guarded by (2). It (3) the city of London and its people. There was a royal (4) there. Then it became a (5). Some great men were (6) in it. It’s a (7) now. Some (8) still live in it. Many tourists watch the (9) of the (10) at night. So it is a (11) by origin”.

Robin Hood

A. William I ruled England for 21 years. He made many new laws. He declared that all the lands of England belonged to him by right of conquest. William presented the lands to the barons who promised to serve him and to bring some knights in time of war. He divided country into ‘shires’ or ‘counties’ and sent a royal official in each shire to be his ‘sheriff’. William ordered to build many castles in all parts of the country. The first of them namely the White Tower was built for him in London. William created a Great Council. It was made up of bishops and barons. All the population and their property were registered in the Domesday Book to collect taxes for the King.

B. Norman barons were strangers in the country. They didn’t speak English. They used to the French customs, they spoke Norman-French. The English didn’t understand them. Normans didn’t feel safe in the country. They had to build a lot of large castles. The castles were strong fortresses with thick stone walls and high towers. One could enter the castle by a drawbridge over the moat and through a wide archway with strong gates which were closed every night. The Normans spent their time in military training. They were fond of tournaments and hunting.

C. The Normans made up the new aristocracy. They spoke Norman-French. In was of Latin origin. The Anglo-Saxons communicated in English-of Germanic origin. Norman French became the official language of the country. At present we use such official words of French origin as court, crime, government, arms,battle, navy, comfort, pleasure, prince and so on. But words of Germanic origin made up the basic vocabulary of modern English. Nowadays English simple everyday words are of Anglo-Saxon. Forexample, such words house as land, eat, ride, water, good, bad. In churches people heard Latin. Books were written in Latin as well. The three languages formed one language in the 14^th century. It’s the reason why we have a lot of synonyms in Modern English:

- to come in - to enter,

- to go on-to continue,

- to give up-to abandon.

D. Anglo-Saxon people lived in the villages around the castles. They were peasants. They grew corn and kept sheep and oxen. The villages lived in small huts. It was dark and smoky inside because there were neither windows nor chimneys in them. The center of the village was a church. It was made of stone with thick walls and a tower. The church was used as a store-house, a prison and a fortress. The Norman priests made the villages pay to the church. The peasants worked hard every day except religious or ‘holy’ days. That’s why nowadays days of rest are called ‘holidays’.

E. The most important events of the social life at that time were markets and fairs. Markets were held on a certain day of the week. Fairs were organized once a year and lasted a week or even two weeks. They were held only with the king’s permission. People came from all parts of the country. There were some entertainments and knights’ tournaments at fairs.

F. The life of common people was hard and dangerous. Norman barons treated England as a conquered country. Hunting could help peasants to survive but William I made the Forest Laws. The Laws didn’t allow peasants to hunt in the forests. The bravest peasants ran away from villages and started living in the forest. People made many ballads about them. The most popular hero of the English ballads of that time was Robin Hood. He was brave and smart. Robin Hood always helped the poor. The ballads tell us not only Robin’s story but show different events of the social life of that time. In the ballade ‘ A Golden Arrow” they say about a tournament. The ballad “Robin Hood and the Butcher’ we learn about a market and a greedy sheriff.

I. Match the headings with the paragraphs A-F. One heading is extra.

1. Norman castles.

2. Robin Hood fought against the sheriff.

3. The Royal orders.

4. The severe law.

5. The country of three languages.

6. The life style of villagers.

7. The village’s structure.

II. Read the text and decide if the sentences in the task are True (T), False IF) or Not Stated (NS).

1.The Word “sheriff” appeared in England during William I’s reign.

2. The Great Council ordered to register the English population.

3. The King wanted to find out the number of Norman barons with the help of the Domes Book.

4. The origin of many English synonyms lies in the history of England.

5. The peasants’ living of the medieval times was hard.

6. The first English churches played different roles in the country life.

7. The Forest Law allowed everybody to hunt in woods.

8. English ballads were devoted to Norman barons.

9. Robin Hood was an Anglo-Saxon noble by birth.

10. Normans did their best to make England better.

III. Choose the right subjects.

1……keep the memory of Robin Hood.

2…..ruled England for twenty one years.

3. …..was a royal official in a certain part of the country.

4. The……didn’t allow peasants to hunt in the forests.

5. ….spoke English.

6. …..lived in small huts.

7. …..were Norman barons’ entertainments.

8. The …..contained the information about everybody in England.

9. A …..was a name of a certain part of England.

10…… spoke French in England.

IV. Use the correct forms of the given verbs.

‘ England 1(to divide) into shires by William I. A royal officials 2(to send) to each county to control the King’s will. These officials 3(to name) sheriffs. Then William I 4(to make) the Great Council. It 5(to form) with bishops and barons. For collecting more taxes the Domesday Book 6(to make) up. Norman barons 7(not to be) safe in the foreign country. They 8(to have) to build strong castles. The castles 9(to build) on the Uplands or on the tops of the hills. They 10(to surround) by a moat and 11(to have) a drawbridge.’

V. Fill in right forms of the given words.

‘ Normans treated England as a 1(to conquer) country. They were 2(strange) in it. They spoke a Norman dialect of 3(France). Normans didn’t want to learn Anglo-Saxon language of 4(Germany ) origin. Normans formed a new aristocracy with new 5(to entertain) and a 6 (please) 7(society) life. At the same time common people lived in small 8 (smoke) huts, had a rest only on 9(religion) occasions and even fairs were held only with King’s 10(to permit).’

VI. Find out 10 words connected with the history of the English Language.

“(1) barons didn’t speak (2). They (3) to the (4) customs. They didn’t feel (5). They had to build (6). Anglo-Saxons lived in (7). They spoke English. It was of (8) origin. In the church they heard services in (9). Only in the 14^th (10) one language was formed.”

VII. Writing.

You have received a letter from your friend Sabib, you often play in the Internet with him.

Write him a letter and answer his questions. Write 100-120 words. Remember the rules of writing.

Towns

A. In the 11^th-12^th centuries England had a population of 1.500.000 people. The towns which had been built by the Romans were destroyed by the Anglo-Saxons. The people lived in villages. But the village lands belonged to the Norman barons. Some brave men ran away from the villages to the forests. Many craftsmen left the villages to the places where they could sell their handmade goods to people who came to buy and sell their animals and food. Craftsmen settled at the crossroads or bridges over rivers. These settlements gradually grew into towns. For example, such towns as Cambridge or Bristol. Oxford and Bedford were at fords (брод). Many towns grew up at seaports like Dover, Plymouth, Boston.

B. Medieval towns were surrounded with walls and towers. Round many towns there were moats filled with water. One could enter the town by a drawbridge over the moat through a wide archway with strong gates which were closed every night. The houses were made of stone and wood. The streets were narrow and dirty. Outside the walls there were meadows and gardens where people grew cattle and vegetables. The people of the first towns were not free. All the land was divided among the Norman nobles. They governed the townspeople and made them pay in return for a charter. The charter was an agreement listing the things the townspeople could make.

C. The first workshop was small. Few people worked there. Very often they were the members of the master’s family. The master-craftsmen of the same trade united into societies which were called guilds. There were guilds of wearers, dyers, shoemakers, tailors, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, butchers, bakers. The guild fixed prices on the goods and rules of trading.

D. At that time markets and fairs were of great importance. The king’s permission was needed for their -organizing. The town market was held on a certain day of the week. Fairs were organized once a year and lasted a week or two. Not every town had the king’s permission to have a fair. English merchants from all parts of the country came there. Fairs were very important for developing domestic and foreign trade. Of all trades the most important was wool trade. London became a centre of wool trade for Northern Europe. As a result, there are many words and expressions connected with wool in the English language now. For example,

- to lose one’s wool – to become angry,

-to keep one’s wool – to keep calm.

An important sea route ran across the North Sea and the Baltic. The Hanseatic League united England with many countries of the North and East Europe.

E. Among the first Anglo-Saxons settlements there were Cambridge and Oxford. Their names show their origin. The first was founded at the bridge across the river Cam and the second at the ford where oxen could cross the stream. In the middle of the 12^th century some professors from France came to Britain. They founded schools in Oxford in 1168 and in Cambridge in 1209. These schools started the first English universities. Getting an education at that time was difficult. Books were hand-written and expensive.

F. The first printed books appeared in England in the middle of the 15^th century due to William Caxton. He started working at a company of London merchants. Later he lived in Flanders where he hand-copied books for the royal family. When Caxton was on business in Germany, he learned the art of printing. In 1476 Caxton set up the first English printing-press in London. The second press was set up in Oxford. Caxton printed sixty-five works. They were both translations and originals.

I. Match the paragraphs with the headings. One heading is extra.

1. French schools in England.

2. Settlements for exchange.

3. Norman towns.

4.The growth of trade.

5.The Norman permission for fairs

6. First English shops.

7. A great Englishman.

II. Read the text and decide if the sentences in the task are True (T),False (F) or Not Stated (NS).

1. In the 11^th-12^th century the English were country people.

2. Craftsmen started trading at the places where people could exchange their goods.

3. Oxford was set up at the place where there was a bridge across the river.

4. Craftsmen traded free in towns.

5. Some Normans were members of the town’s guilds.

6. Every English town had a special day for trading.

7. Wool was a special thing for English trade.

8. Some monks founded schools in Oxford and Cambridge.

9. First books in English were hand-made.

10. Caxton learnt to print in Flanders.

III. Choose the subjects.

1. …..was the most important thing for English trade.

2. The ….allowed to organize fairs.

3. …..was the first businessman to print books in England

. 4. …. were the most important farm animals of that time.

5. …..united English craftsmen.

6. …..started schooling in England.

7. …. were founded at the rivers.

8. …..was the largest wool- trade centre of Europe.

9 …… was the first university in England.

10. …..wrote books by hand for the royal family.

IV. Fill in the articles (a/an, the. 0).

1. …wool was 2…most important for 3…England in 4…11^th – 12^th centuries. The king got 5… lot of 6… money from the wool trade. 7… foreign merchants had to pay 8…tax on every sack of wool they bought. Wool was exported to 9…towns of 10…Flanders.

V. Use the correct forms of the given verbs.

‘ Different craftsmen 1(to live) in English towns. They 2(to unite) in professional societies. Those societies 3(to call) guilds. There 4(to be) special rules in the guilds. All the members 5(to have) to sell their goods at a fixed price. The guilds 6(to take) care of their members. If a member of the guild 7(to lose) his trade he 8(to get) help. If he (to die) the guild 9(to pay) his funeral and 10(to support) the widow.

VI. Fill in the correct forms of the given words.

“Before the 12^th century there were few 1(to educate) people in England. At that time some centers of 2(to educate) appeared in France. In 1168 a group of French professors came to England and founded the 3(one) school in Oxford. The 4(two) university was formed in Cambridge in 1209.Getting an education at that time was difficult because books were rare. Only the 5(to invent) of 6(to print) by Gutenberg in 7(German) made them cheap. William Caxton brought the first printing-press to London. W. Caxton was a 8(to learn) man. He did 9(to translate) from French into English. During the next 15 years he printed 65 works, both 9(to translate) and 10(origin).’

VII. Guess the name.

“It was very difficult to get (1) in the 12^th century. Books were (2) and (3). They were hand copied by a (4). He hand-copied books for the (5) family in (6). Then he went to Germany where Johann (7) invented (8)”.

Wars in the English History

Wars in the English History

A. In the first half of the 14^th century England was ruled by Edward III. He was powerful and ambitious. Edward III wanted to return Normandy as once it had been English besides some French provinces had belonged to his mother, a French princess. At that time the French wanted to seize the free towns of Flanders. But these towns were English wool markets. The English could not lose them. In 1337 Edward declared war on France. It was called the Hundred Years’ War because it lasted over a hundred years. At first the English won the French on land and at sea. The English had cannons which they invented. But later there was a great epidemic of the plague in England. It was followed by a peasants’ rebellion. As a result, England lost the war and all its lands in France.

B. The next war was inside England. The English barons fought for the English crown. Edward III married his sons to the powerful barons’ daughters. Many barons became king’s relatives. After his death they wanted to seize the crown and one of them, Duke of Lancaster, did it. But merchants of the towns wished Duke of York to be English King. The open war between these two dynasties started in 1455 and lasted thirty years. It was called the War of Roses because there was a red rose on the York’s coat of arms and a white rose on the Lancaster’ sone. King Richard III of the House of York was killed in the battle and Henry Tudor was proclaimed King of England. A year later he married the Princess of York. Their marriage united the red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York.

C. For many centuries English kings tried to bring Wales and Ireland under English control. Wales became joined to England under one administration during 1536-1543. Welsh representatives entered the English Parliament. It was much more difficult with Ireland. The majority of the Irish population was Catholic while the English were Protestants. The Irish nationalism and Catholicism were against English rule. But the English kings were a success. Many good lands were taken from the native Irish population and sold to English settlers. Nowadays the Northern part of Ireland with Ulster is still a part of the English Kingdom while the Catholic part is an independent state.

D. For a long time the Tudor was trying to join Scotland to England. The Scottish kings could not have a war because some Scottish nobility agreed to be united with England, others wish to be friends with France. That’s why the Scottish kings made a peace treaty with many English kings. The English king Henry III made three wars on Scotland. Henry VIII wanted to marry his son to the baby Queen of Scots Mary I. When in England Mary was held in the Tower by Elizabeth I for nineteen years and finally executed. Elizabeth I never had children. After her death Mary’s son, the Scottish king James VI, inherited the English throne in 1603. After a long struggle the two countries became united but by a royal dynasty from Scotland. But the official union of the two countries was completed by an Act of Parliament only in 1707. The state got a new name: Great Britain.

E. Nowadays the official name of the state is ‘The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’ because Southern Ireland became independent in 1921. Nowadays the state consists of four parts, each of them has got its capital, a flower symbol and its patron saint.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

I. Match the headings with the paragraphs. One heading is extra

1. Struggle for a new union.

2. Symbols of the united state

3. The war of two women for the throne.

4. The lost war.

5. The religious effect on the political system.

6. The flowers’ war.

II. Read the text and decide if the sentences are True (T), False (F) or Not Stated (NS).

1. The English fought with Spain for a century.

2. The French had got many cannons.

3. France won the Hundred Years’ War.

4. The War of Roses lasted for a century.

5. York was the town of merchants.

6. There was war between Wales and England for independence.

7. It was complicated to join Ireland for religious differences.

8. The Scottish had different opinions on the union with England.

9. It took a century to unite England and Scotland officially.

10. In 1602 the King of Great Britain was James VI.

III. Use the correct forms of the given verbs.

‘ The English king Edward II was 1(power). He 2(to wish) to become French king too as Normandy once 3(to be) English and some French provinces 4(to belong) to his mother, a French princess. Meanwhile French lords 5(to try) to win Flanders. For England it meant 6(to lose) its wool markets. 7( to say) that he wanted 8(to defend) English trade Edward III declared war on France. The war 9(to last) hundred years and it 10(to name) the Hundred Years’ War now.’

1. Fill in the correct form of the given word.

‘At 1(one) the English were 2(success) in war. They had cannons which were 3(to invent) by English craftsmen. English 4(arch) could shoot their arrows from a distance meanwhile French knights were 5(arm) with swords and fought in hand-to hand combats. Then the epidemic of the plague came to England. It was so 6( infection) that people died within twenty four hours. The English soldiers called it ‘the Black Death’. The 7(to survive) peasants’ life became so hard that in 1381 they revolted. Their 8(to rebel) was suppressed and their 9(to lead) Wat Tyler was 10(to murder)’.

V. Choose the subjects.

1. A …..rose was on the Lancaster’s coat of arms.

2. The….. was a struggle for the English throne.

3. …..built many big castles around England.

4. The ….of the …. ended with the battle of Bosworth in 1485.

5…... of the towns supported Duke of York.

6……married his sons to big barons’ daughters.

7. The …..of Henry Tudor and the Yorkist heiress united the red and the white roses.

8. …. helped Duke of Lancaster to become King of England.

9. …..was on the Yorkist coat of arms.

10. …..was killed in the battle.

VI. Find out 10 words connected with the Hundred Years War.

“The English King Edward III dreamt about a large powerful (1). He declared (2) on France. He wished to return Normandy and some French (3) to England. Besides, the king wanted to defense wool (4) of (5) and English (6). At first, the English (7) the French: they had (8) but French (9) could fight only in hand-to-hand (10).”

Elizabeth I

A. The Elizabethan rule was one of the greatest periods of English history. Queen Elizabeth got an excellent classical education. She could read Latin and Greek and spoke French and Italian. Elizabeth was an intelligent and courageous woman. The English often called her Good Queen Bess.

B. Elizabeth I wanted to make England rich and glorious. As a Queen she started with Church. Elizabeth was interested in keeping church under her authority. She made English church ‘a part of the state machine’. Elizabeth ordered to make the parish of a village to become the unit of state administration. People had to go to the church on Sundays by law. They had to pay if they didn’t do it. Elizabeth sent a book of sermans (проповеди) to churches. The book told that the rebellion against the Crown was a sin against God.

C. Elizabeth I considered her first task as the head of the state to settle religious struggle in the country. She spread the Protestant religion and didn’t offend the Catholics. At that time the Protestants of the Netherlands fought for independence from Catholic Spain. Elizabeth I gave them money and soldiers. She allowed them to use English harbors to attack Spanish ships.

D. During Elizabeth’s reign England became a great sea power. English sailors were skillful and their ships were light and fast. It helped them to sail the oceans and discover new lands for England. Some great English sailors became pirates and shared treasures with the queen. The most famous English pirates of that time were Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh. Francis Drake was the first English seaman to sail the world. Walter Raleigh captured Spanish ships that carried silver and gold from the New World to Spain. Besides he brought tobacco to Britain. Elizabeth I gave titles to them. Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh were secretly titled by Elizabeth I.

E. Elizabeth I was sure that England’s wealth depended on international trade. That’s why she encouraged English traders to sail abroad and create colonies. She started building the Britain’s colonial empire. The first English colonists sailed to America and brought tobacco to England. England began selling West African slaves for the Spanish in America. Elizabeth I established chartered companies. A charter company had the right to all the business in the region. In return the company paid some profits to the crown. During Elizabeth’s reign there appeared such charter companies as

–the Eastern company traded with Scandinavian,

-the Levant company traded with Turkey,

-the African company traded with slaves,

-the East India company traded with India.

F. Elizabeth I considered Spain her main trade rival and enemy. That’s why she made everything to attack Catholic state. She helped Protestants in the Netherlands, English ships attacked the Spanish in the Atlantic. The Spanish king Philip decided to conquer England. He built a great fleet, an Armada. In 1587 Francis Drake destroyed part of that fleet. Philip built a new Armada but his ships were made to carry soldiers while English ships were faster and their guns could shoot further than the Spanish. Before the battle Elizabeth I spoke to the sailors and won their hearts saying that she was ready ”..to live or to die amonst you..for my God, and for my kingdom, and for my people. I am a weak woman, but I have the heart of a king-and a King of England too!” The battle lasted six days and on August 9,1588, the Spanish were defeated. It was a great victory for England. Nothing could prevent it for conquering the world.

I. Match the headings with the paragraphs. One heading is extra.

1. Business conquerors of the world.

2. Payment to the God.

3. More numerous but less powerful.

4. The royal love

5. The royal help to the opponents of the English greatest enemy.

6. A highly educated woman.

7. Famous seadogs.

II. Choose the subjects.

1 …built a great fleet against England.

2. …..destroyed a great part of the Armada.

3. …..paid some profits to the English crown.

4. … spoke some foreign languages.

5. …..kept the church under control.

6. …..brought tobacco to the British isles.

7. The …. were the main part of the Netherlands’ population.

8. …attacked Spanish ships in the Atlantic Ocean.

9. …..wanted to marry Elizabeth.

10. The …..traded with Turkey.

III. Read the text one more and decide if the given statements are true (T), false (F) or not stated (NT).

1. Elizabeth I considered Russia to be the main business rival for England.

2. W. Raleigh was the first English seaman to sail around the world

3. The Spanish king built two fleets against England.

4. The Netherlands were an independent Catholic state.

5. English ships were better than Spanish ones.

6. The English had to visit churches on Sundays.

7. The English traded in slaves.

8. Queen Elizabeth I killed the Catholic as Queen Mary did.

9. Charter companies helped many countries in the world.

10. Elizabeth I made a speech to the soldiers before the battle with the Armada.

IV. Use the correct forms of the given words.

” Queen Elizabeth I was a highly 1(to educate) woman. She wished England to be 2(glory). Elizabeth wanted to establish 3(peace) relations between the Protestants and the Catholics. She was 4(interest) in keeping English church under her control. Elizabeth I was sure that her country’s wealth depended on 5(nation) trade. She encouraged 6(trade) to sail abroad. 7( England) charter companies had a trade all over the world. English 8(sail) visited many parts of the world. During her reign England became a 9(power) sea state. Elizabeth I started building a 10(colony) empire.

V. Fill in the correct article: a/an, the, 0.

“ElizabethI wished her country to be rich. She started to gather (1) money with (2) Church. She ordered the parish of (3) village to become (4) unit of her state administration. People had to visit church on (5) Sundays by (6) law. Elizabeth I proclaimed that (7) rebellion against (8) Crown was (9) sin against (10) God.”

VI. Find out 14 words characterizing the Elizabeth’s reign.

“During the Elizabeth I (1) there appeared some (2) companies. They had (3) in many (4) countries. The African company traded in (5) to (6) colonies in America. The Eastland Company had a trade with the (7). The Levant Company traded with (8). The East India Company traded in the (9). These companies paid (10) to the crown. English (11) sailed all over the world and helped to build the British (12.).The first English (13) brought tobacco to England. Everything made England (14 - ?) as Queen Elizabeth I wished.”

Francis Drake

A. Francis Drake was a famous English sea-captain. He was born in Tavistock – an ancient market town within West Devon, England. At fifteen the boy was taken as asailor on a small ship. Francis did his work so well that the captain said he was born to bea great sailor. When Francis Drake was twenty-five years old, he began to help thecaptain of the ship. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean many times with this captain and then hewas made the captain of another ship.

B. At that time England and Spain were enemies. Spanish ships carried much gold fromSouthAmerica to Spain. English ships in the Atlantic Ocean often attacked Spanish shipsand took the gold. Those English pirate captains gave much gold to their country. Withthe Spanish gold England built many good strong ships. This made England much stronger on the seas and oceans.

One day some Spanish ships attacked six English ships and only two of them came

back to England. Francis Drake was the captain of one of those ships. He decided to become a pirate after that. Drake sailed back into the Atlantic Ocean. With two small ships he attacked some Spanish ships which carried gold. Drake took much gold from those ships.

C. He sailed across the Atlantic again and again, and many Spanish ships did not sail back toSpain. In November 1577 Francis Drake with five ships left Plymouth. He wanted to crossthe Atlantic Ocean and find the way to the Pacific Ocean. The ships came to South America in winter, the wind was very strong and it snowed. Drake lost some of his shipsin the wind and snow. At last the sailors saw the Pacific Ocean. In August of 1578 they came to Cape Horn and then had a short rest on some islands near Cape Horn.

D. After a rest in 1579 his ships crossed the Pacific Ocean and visited the same yearthe island of Java in the South of Asia. Then the ships crossed the Indian Ocean and inJune 1580 they came to the Cape of Good Hope in the South Africa. Drake did notstop there but sailed to the north and in September 1580 the sailors saw England again.The voyage took almost three years. Francis Drake was the first Englishman who sailedaround the world.

E. In 1585 Drake with twenty-nine ships sailed to the Atlantic Ocean. He attacked

Spanish ships there and brought much gold to Еngland. In 1588 many Spanish ships withhundreds of soldiers on each of them sailed into English waters to attack England. Thiswas the famous Spanish Armada; there were one hundred and thirty ships in it. TheEnglish ships did not attack the enemy. They let the great Spanish Armada sail pastPlymouth and far into English waters.

The Spanish ships were very large; the English ships were much smaller, but they sailed faster and the sailors on them were better than the Spanish ones. Eight shipsunder Francis Drake's command went into the middle of the Spanish Armada andattacked the ships. Soon many of the Spanish ships were on fire. Drake took twelveSpanish ships and carried them off.This was a great victory for England. Only fifty Spanish ships came back to their country.

F. In 1595 English ships with Francis Drake as captain sailed into the Atlantic

Ocean to attack the Spanish ships again. Drake hoped to get a lot of gold. They crossed the Atlantic Ocean in a month, but Francis Drake was ill and in January 1596 he died.

I. Match the headings with the right paragraphs. One heading is extra.

1. A great sea battle.

2. A young sea lover.

3. A great sailor and a powerful king.

4. A hard way to an unknown ocean.

5. The last voyage.

6.Across three oceans.

7. Sea rivals.

II. Read the text and decide if the statements in the task are True (T), False (F) orNot Stated (NS).

1. F. Drake was a famous English admiral.

2. Drake started sailing at twenty-five.

3. Drake’s father was a captain.

4. Spanish ships carried silver and gold from South America to their country.

5. F. Drake wanted to find the way to India.

6. Drake’s sailors had a rest at Jamaica.

7. Drake’s ships sailed through Spanish Armada.

8. Spanish King lost eighty ships in the battle.

9. Spanish ships were slower than English ones.

10. It took three years for Drake to sail around the world.

III. Choose the subjects.

1. …..said Francis would be a great sailor.

2. …..was a sea rival of England.

3. …..ships left Plymouth in 1577.

4…… took three years to sail around the world.

5……ships came to attack England.

6……ships came back to Spain.

7……were large and slow.

8……could cross the Atlantic Ocean in a month.

9…… were one hundred and thirty ships in the Armada.

10.

IV. Use the correct forms of the given verbs.

“During the Elizabeth I’ reign many English sea captains 1(to become) pirates. They 2(to attack) Spanish ships which 3(to carry) treasures from South America. Those captains 4(to pay) some profits to the English crown. Many new good ships 5(to build) with their money. English ships 6 (to be) faster than Spanish ones. The famous Spanish Armada 7 (to destroy) by them.”

V. Fill in the correct forms of the given words.

“At first Jamaica was a 1(Spain) colony. Later it was taken by the 2(Britain) and became a base of piracy. Its 3(official) capital was Port Royal. It was the 4(big) port in the 5(England) colonies at that time. Its 6(govern) was Henry Morgan, a famous pirate. Port Royal was populated by 7(piracy), slave 8(trade) and 9(crime). It was considered to be the 10 (rich)city in the world.”

VI. Make a project “Famous Russian Captains”

Wool and “Utopia”

A. In the sixteenth century England started to export wool in a large scale. At first wool was brought to free towns of Flanders. It was woven there. London merchants got great incomes from the wool trade. Nowadays you can find many words and phrases connected with “wool” in Modern English language:

- to pull the wool over somebody’s eyes – to trick a person,

- dyed- in- the wool – complete, typical.

Later London’s merchants brought some craftsmen from Flanders to England to teach their skills. During the 16^th century the production of cloth reached its greatest importance. Clothmakers bought raw wool and gave it to spinners who were mostly women and children. Then wool was given to weavers. The work was dirty and hard. Many landowners at that time were sure that they could get more money from breeding sheep than from growing crops. So they made villagers leave their land and people had to move to towns.

B. In the 16^th century English craftsmen were able to produce steel of high quality. They make fine clocks, knives, forks, nails and so on. Birmingham where there was coal and iron became an important industrial city. Most people worked hard and died young. Poor children started working at the age of six or seven. While the rich became richer the workers became poorer. It was a reason why many common Englishmen believed in the dream of an ideal nation. It was published in the book “Utopia” by a Dutch philosopher Thomas More.

C. The religious situation in Britain of that time was not simple. King Charles was a Catholic while many members of the Parliament were Protestants. Charles I quarreled with Parliament very often. He wished to raise taxes for a great number of money. Parliament wanted Charles to sign the Petition of Rights. He twice dissolved Parliament. According to his wish some Members of Parliament were arrested and even beheaded. At last Parliament had to guard the House of Commons. The Parliament’s gates were locked against the King. The Civil War started. Charles’ supporters were named the Royalists or Cavaliers and Parliament’s soldiers were called the Roundheads or Skinheads. At first the poor people joined the Parliament army. In 1645 the Royalists were defeated and in 1649 Charles I was executed. Most people didn’t want it but the Protestants believed they could build God’s Kingdom without a king.

D. From 1649 till 1660 Britain was a republic but it wasn’t a success. The Head of the Republic Oliver Cromwell was a cruel man. He ordered to kill the people of two Irish towns (about 6.000 people) in1641. When being Lord Protector he had got more power than the King had. He didn’t allow to celebrate Christmas and Easter or to play games on Sundays. When Cromwell died the Parliament invited Charles’ son to the English throne. The republic was over.

E. During the Charles II reign the first political parties appeared in the country. One of them was named as Whigs and another Tories. Whigs means a rude name for cattle drivers. Tories is an Irish name for thieves. Whigs were against an absolute monarchy. Tories supported the Crown and the Church.

F. After the Civil War and years of the Republic the British Parliament was much powerful than before. Its power was written in the Bill of Rights in 1689. The Bill stated that the king couldn’t raise taxes or keep an army without the agreement of Parliament. Besides, the Bill confirmed certain rights of the people. The law “ Habeas Corpus Act” was accepted in 1679. It guaranteed to an arrested person the right of judging by the jury. The 17^th century may be considered to be the beginning of the political and judicial system of the country.

I. Match the headings to the right paragraphs. One heading is extra.

1. Cowboys and thieves in policy.

2. Sheep ate people.

3. The highly developed industrial centers.

4. The basis of the judicial system.

5. The English against the English.

6. Hard life and the dreams on the paradise.

7. The dictator in the Parliament.

II. Read the text and decide if the given sentences are True (T), False (F) or NotStated (NS).

1. Thomas Moor was a famous English writer.

2. Lord Protector was an honest man.

3. Charles I was an unhappy king.

4. The Bill of Rights was written for the Parliament.

5. The religious differences caused the Civil War.

6. British children started working from their early age.

7. The political system in Britain was founded in the seventeenth century.

8. Flanders’ workers gave their technology to the British.

9. The King was interested in “Habeas Corpus Act”.

10. Whigs supported the British monarch.

III. Choose the correct subject.

1. …..became rich of trading wool.

2……headed the Parliament and the Republic.

3……was of great importance for Britain.

4……got much power after the Civil War.

5……were interested in breeding sheep.

6…..could make fine steel goods.

7……was written by Thomas Moor.

8……supported the King.

9……dreamt about an ideal society.

10……were against the Crown.

IV. Fill in the correct forms of the given words.

” Charles I became the English King at 25. He was a Catholic and the 1(major) of Parliament was Protestants. His 2(to marry) with Henrietta Maria of France, a Catholic, created new 3(difficult) for Charles. He was in bad terms with Parliament. At that time Britain was involved in war both with France and Spain. The King needed money 4(bad). He recalled Parliament to raise 5(tax) but the House of Commons refused to support him. Some Members of Parliament were taken to the Tower and 6(head) there. Parliament asked the train-bands to guard the House of Commons. Charles I left his palace in Whitehall, went to Hampton Court and raised his standard there. The Civil War started.”

V. Use the correct forms of the given words.

“A famous 1(to paint) Van Dyck made a Charles’ family picture. The King has a handsome face. His wife Henrietta Maria is 2(charm). Her 3(girl) face is framed in tiny curls. She has very 4(picture) clothes. The Prince of Wales, their 5 (old) son, is 7(to paint) with his hand on a 6(wonder) dog. Their 8(two) son 9 ( to wear) a dress and a cap looks as a girl. Their daughter Mary is much 10(like) her mother.”
VI. Fill in 14 words on The Civil War in Britain.

“Charles I often 1(quarreled) with his 2 (Parliament). He wished to raise 3(taxes) and Parliament wanted him to sign the 4(Petition) of Rights. Some Members of the Parliament were arrested and 5(beheaded). The Civil 6(war) started. At the war 7(Cavaliers) supported the King. Parliament’s soldiers were called 8(Skinheads). Their leader was Oliver 9(Cromwell). He started as a 10(country) gentleman. Then Cromwell represented Oxford in the Short and Long Parliament. He was always 11(opposite) to the 12(government). During the war Cromwell became Lord 13(Protector). He was fond of 14 (Puritan) ideas. This fact clears up many of his orders.”

TheTime of Great Thinkers and Great Disasters

A. In late 1664 a bright comet was seen in the sky over London. The people became fearful. They wondered what evil event would happen. Somebody believed it was God’s punishment for Charles’ execution. In spring 1665 a great disaster came to England. It was the epidemic of plague. The Great Plague of London was the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague in Europe. It lasted eighteen months. At that time about 460.000 people lived within a 448 acres city surrounded by a city wall and the river Thames. What caused the epidemic? Modern scientists believe in two reasons. London of that time was polluted, muddy and unhealthy. Human body lice played a key role in causing infections. Besides, wooden houses and overcrowded slums were excellent homes for black rats. A plague house was marked with a red cross on the door with the words “Lord, have mercy upon us”. The rich including King Charles II ran away to the country. The Great plague killed over 100.000 people – almost a quarter of London’s population.

B. Next year after the Plague another disaster happened in London. At midnight on the second of September1666 (Sunday) the fire started in a bakery in the City. At that time the city was the commercial heart of London, the largest market and busiest part of England. The wind turned the bakery fire to a firestorm. The Great Fire lasted five days, from Sunday, 2 September to Thursday, 6 September. People tried ran away or cross the Thames on boats. A great part of London was ruined.

C. In February the king with the family came back to London. Business and workshops opened up. The streets were full. Charles II did much for rebuilding the City. He ordered a famous English architect Christopher Wren to make a plan. The streets were widened, pavements were created, wooden buildings were forbidden. The design and construction of buildings were controlled. Sir Christopher Wren rebuilt about fifty churches including his masterpiece St. Paul’s Cathedral. Rebuilding took over ten years. On the King’s order a Monument to the Great Fire of London was erected near pudding Lane. It was designed by Christopher Wren.

D. In fact, out of the Fire flowed a renaissance in the sciences and arts in England. King Charles II became a patron of science and founded the Royal Observatory and the Royal Society. It became a centre where thinkers could meet, argue and exchange information on scientific thinking. One of the most famous thinkers of that time was Francis Bacon. He was known for his work on scientific method. Bacon was sure that every scientific idea must be tested by experiment. The natural world could be understood only with idea and experiment following one another.

In 1666, a member of the society, the Cambridge professor of mathematics Sir Isaac Newton started studying gravity. In 1687 he published “The Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy”. This book is considered one of the greatest books in the history of science.

E. The 17^th century was the time of great revolutionary thinking. Printing of numerous copies of the Bible and the family tradition of its reading every day led to the revolution in religious thinking. Some people understood the Bible in a new way. Thus there appeared a large number of small religious groups or sects. They were called The Puritans and the Quakers. The Puritans stood for the purifying the church. Quakers meant friends.

F. In 1694 a group of rich Englishmen decided to establish a bank. The government agreed to borrow money only from that bank. The new bank was called the Bank of England. It was given the right to print bank notes which could be used instead of coins. The paper money which is used nowadays developed from these bank notes.

Tasks.

I. Match the given headings to the right paragraphs.

1. A great church

2. Paper instead of metal

3. Unhealthy environment

4. The Parliament and the King

5. Mysterious dates

6. Great ideas in the new city

7. Printing and religion

II. Read the text and decide if the given sentences are True (T), False (F) or NotStated (NS)

1.The Plague of England lasted eight years.

2. There were two main reasons for the plague.

3. The City was a busy part of London.

4. London was burning for a week.

5.The Tower bridge was burnt as well.

6. Ch. Wren rebuilt a hundred buildings in London.

7. F.Bakon studied at the Cambridge University.

8.The Puritans and the Quakers were very religious.

9 After the fire streets in London became wide and clean.

10.The British King founded the Bank of England.

III. Choose the correct subjects.

1…. flew over London.

2…. in London were dirty.

3…. had body lice.

4…. lived and ran in the streets.

5…. killed a quarter of Londoners.

6…. started at the bakers.

7…. was rebuilt by Ch. Wren.

8. … reported on scientific method.

9…. learnt gravity at Cambridge.

10…. began using different kinds of money.

IV. Use the correct forms of the words.

“ Christopher Wren was 1 a(Mathematic), a 2(Astronomy) and 3 an (to invent). He invented new ways of using 4 (tradition) building materials within the limits of 5 (classic) design.

V. Fill in the correct words.

“One of 1 the (beautiful) sights in London is St.Paul’s Cathedral. It 2 (to build) for thirty five years. It 3 (to design) by the great British 4 (architecture) Sir Ch.Wren. It 5 (to say) the Cathedral is one of 6 the (fine) in Europe. It attracts with its huge dome (about 32 meters) and a 7 (gold) ball and cross on the top. There are 637 steps to reach the top. The Cathedral is 8 (fame) for its Whispering Gallery which runs round the dome. Its interior is full of monuments. Many great British are 9 (to bury) here, for example, Admiral Nelson, Duke of Wellington and Ch. Wren 10 (self).

1. Writing.

You have received a letter from your Chinese friend whom you met in St. Petersburg last winter.

Write him a letter and answer his three questions. Write 100-120words. Remember the rules of letter writing.

British Great Discoverers and Explorers

A. Henry Hudson (1565-1611) was an English sea-explorer and navigator. He is best known for his explorations of present-day Canada and some parts of the northeaster USA.

In 1607 the Muscovy Company of England hired Hudson to find a northern route to the Pacific Ocean. Hudson reached the east coast of Greenland and Spitsbergen. In 1609 the Dutch East India Company employed Hudson to search the Northwest Passage above the Arctic Circle. His team explored the region around the New York metropolitan area starting from their base on Manhattan Island and mapped a”North River”. Nowadays it’s called the Hudson River.

In 1610-1611 Hudson sailed under the English flag. On a new ship “Discovery” Hudson reached Iceland, then he mapped the southern part of Greenland and the northern coast of Labrador. They found a river which flew to the East. But it wasn’t a passage they had been looking for.

People remember Henry Hudson as a brave and skilful captain and we see his name on the nowadays maps: Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, the Hudson River.

B. Captain James Cook (1728-1779) was a famous British explorer, cartographer, naval officer. He made three voyages in the Pacific Ocean to New Zealand and Australia. J. Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland, mapped the entrance of the St. Lawrence River.

James was the second of eight children in a farmer’s family. He joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and the Royal Navy in 1755.

On the first Pacific voyage on ship Endeavour Scott mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii. On the second voyage 1772-1775 on the Resolution Captain became the first European navigator to cross the Antarctic Circle.

His third voyage Cook started at Tahiti named them as the “Sandwich Islands” after the Earl of Sandwich – the First Lord of the Admiralty. Then he mapped Alaska and the Bering Sea. As his ship had to be repaired Cook went to the Hawaii. The crew stayed there for a month and had some tension with the natives. Captain tried to kidnap their king and was killed by them.

Cook’s twelve years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to the European’s knowledge of the world. His maps were so important that numerous landmarks and places were named after him, for example, Cook Islands, Cook Strait, Mount Cook and so on.

C. Alexander Mackenzie (1764-1820) is one of the greatest Scottish explorers. He was the first to cross Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

Mackenzie was born in a farmer’s family. He started working in the fur trading company in Canada. In 1789 the North West Company offered him to find the Passage to the Pacific Ocean. While travelling to the west Mackenzie and his team discovered a wide river. It turned out to be the longest river system in Canada and the second in North America. Now we call it the Mackenzie River. The mountains along the river are named after Mackenzie too.

Mackenzie was knighted for his expeditions. In 2016 he was called a Historic Person of Canada.

D. David Livingstone (1813-1873) David Livingstone is a great Scottish explorer of the African continent.

David started working at the age of ten at the cotton factory. In the evenings he started medicine and botany.

In 1840 he left England for South Africa. During his first expedition Livingstone explored the desert Kalahary. He discovered some new plants.

Then Livingstone and his team went along the river Zambezy and saw different types of African nature. In 1855 Livingstone became the first white man to see a great waterfall, “Thundering Smoke”, on this river. He named it Victoria Falls in honor of Queen Victoria. During his next expedition Livingstone explored Lake Tanganik.

E. Thomas Mitchell (1792-1855) is a famous Scottish explorer of Australia.

Thomas was grown up by his uncle’s family.

He joined the British army at the age of sixteen. Mitchell was a brave soldier, he got the Military Medal and became an officer.

In 1839 T. Mitchell came to Australia. He made four expeditions to explore the continent. His team discovered rivers, mountains and drew them on the map. Mitchell gave English names to eight rivers and seven mounts.

In 1839 Thomas Mitchell was knighted for his explorations and discoveries.

Nowadays there are many places in Australia named after Mitchell.

There is a town, a river, a highway, a suburb in Canberra under his name. The people of Australia remember him as Major Mitchell.

F. Robert Scott (1868-1912) was a British Royal Navy officer and explorer. He made two expeditions to the Antarctic.

Robert was the third of six children in a family with strong naval and military traditions. He started his naval career as a thirteen-year-old cadet. Scott became a skillful naval officer and was awarded three medals before his first expedition to Antarctic.

On the first expedition in 1901-1904 Scott set a new southern record by marching to 82⁰ and discovered the Antarctic plateau, on which the Southern Pole is located. R. Scott became a national hero. King Edward VII promoted him to the rank of captain. He was awarded Royal Victoria Order and a cluster of honors and medals, including from overseas.

Scott’s second Antarctic expedition in 1910 was full of misfortunes. On their way from New Zealand to the Antarctic their ship Terra Nova nearly sank in a storm and they lost one of the motor sledges. Then the ship was trapped in pack ice. Their ponies were weak and died in a short time. R. Scott and his four friends reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912 but they found a tent and a letter there. They were left by Amundsen who was more successful and visited the Pole five weeks earlier. The weather was extremely cold and the Englishmen were frostbitten on their back march.

In England R. Scott became a national icon. The Antarctic island was named after him.

I. Read the text once more and match the suitable headings. One heading is extra.

1. A knight from Canberra.

2. An explorer of the Pacific.

3. A great misfortune.

4. A brave naval admiral.

5. A searcher for a new way to India.

6. The first European to see the Victoria Falls.

7. A discoverer of the Canadian longest river.

II. Read the text again and find out if the statements are True (T), False (F) or Not Stated (NS).

1. T. Mitchell mapped a great part of Australia.

2. Al. Mackenzie travelled along the USA.

3. H. Hudson was employed by British merchants.

4. D. Livingstone was a very religious man.

5. R. Scott was the first man to visit the South Pole.

6. Al. Mackenzie explored the northern part of Canada.

7. D. Livingstone mapped the islands in the Pacific Ocean.

8. T. Mitchell was a brave naval officer.

9. J. Cook made two voyages across the Pacific.

10. H. Hudson found the Northern Passage to Asia.

II. Choose the correct subjects.

1.…is the longest river in Canada.

2 ….observed the transit of Venus across the Sun in 1768.

3 …was the second man to reach the South Pole.

4 .…explored the desert of Kalahary.

5 …from the Muscovy Company and the Dutch East India Company employed Hudson to search the Northwest Passage to Asia.

6 ….was the first to cross Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

7….were named after the first Lord of the British Admiralty.

8 ....gave English names to eight rivers and seven mounts in Australia.

9 ... on Manhattan Island became the capital of New Netherland in 1625.

10…were the place of his death.

III. Match the names with the geographical objects. One object is extra.

IV. Use the correct forms of the given verbs.

“Livingstone 1(to live) in a village in jungles. Lions often 2 (to attack) their farm animals. Once Livingstone and his friend 3 (to have) to defend the sheep. He 4(to shoot) at a large lion but the lion 5(to crush) his left arm and 6 (to force) him to the ground. His friend 7 (to manage) to kill the lion but the broken bone 8 (to hurt) him strongly for the rest of his life. Livingstone 9 ( not to be able) to shoot. He 10 (can not) lift the arm higher than his shoulder.”

V. Fill in the correct article (a, an, the, 0).

“Henry Hudson was 1… outstanding British sea explorer and navigator during 2…early17th century. In 1607-1608 he made two attempts to find 3…Northeast Passage above 4…Arctic Circle. 5… Dutch merchants employed Hudson and in 1609 he started to explore 6… region around 7…modern New York metropolitan area. 8…expedition to 9…New World helped 10…Dutch to colonize the region.”

VI. Use the correct forms of the given words.

” During the Seven Years’ War Cook demonstrated a talent for cartography. While 1(to map) the 2(to enter) of the St. Lawrence River Cook employed local pilots to point out “the rocks and 3(to hide) dangers” along the river. While in Newfounland Cook conducted 4(astronomy) 5(to observe). It gave him the mastery of 6(practice) mapping and brought him to the 7(to attend) of the Admiralty and Royal Society. In 1768 Cook was employed by 8(they) for a long voyage. At the 9(one) part of it Cook was to observe and record the transit of Venus across the Sun. At the. 10(two) part the captain was to search a rich continent of Terra Australis.

VII. Match the beginning of the sentences with its ending. One ending is extra.

1. Writing.

You have received a letter from your new friend from Turkey, Acad.

Write him a letter and answer his three questions. Write 100-120 words. Remember the rules of writing.

Leaders of the Industrial Revolution

A. James Watt (1736-1819) was a Scottish inventor, engineer and chemist. His steam engine was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his own country and abroad. James was born in a wealthy family. He was educated at home by his well-educated mother. His grandfather was a teacher of mathematics and a navigator. Watt had been interested in creating engineering models since his childhood. He started working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow.

Once Watt repaired a model of Newcomen engine and made it more productive. It could be used beyond pumping water and horsepower. The SI unit of power, the watt, was named after him. Watt combined theoretical knowledge of science with the ability to apply it practically.

James Watt had got six patents. Three of them were connected with steam engine. In 1780 he got a patent for a new method of copying letters. Watt made a portable Copying Machine. He formulated the ink, selected the paper, and made a press suitable for applying the correct pressure to carry into effect the transfer. His machine got a commercial success and was used in offices even in the 20^th century.

J.Watt was much honored in his time. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburg, the honorary Doctor of Laws in the University of Glasgow, a Correspondent Member of the French Academy. His statue was erected in London, Glasgow, Edinburg, Manchester.

B. George Stephenson (1781-1848) was an outstanding English engineer. He is best known as the Father of Railways. Rail transport was one of the most important technological inventions of the Industrial Revolution.

Stephenson’s parents could neither read nor write. George studied at night school. He started working as a brakesman, studied hard and became an expert in steam driven machines. His first invention became a safety lamp for miners. Stephenson designed his first locomotive Rocket in 1814for carrying coal from the mine. The first railway was built in 1821 with the help of his son Robert . It was 40 km long. His Locomotion No.1 carried passengers on a public rail line in1825. The first public inter-city railway line in the world was opened between Liverpool and Manchester in 1830. Since that time millions of Stephenson’s railways had been built both in Great Britain and all over the world.

C. Michael Faraday (1791-1867) was a great English scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis. Michael was from a poor family and educated himself. At the age of 14 he became a local bookseller. The teenager got interested in electricity. At the age of 20 Faraday was employed as an assistant by the famous English chemist Davy. Faraday became a founder of electrochemistry. He discovered benzene and investigated many electrical processes. He popularized such terminology as ”anode”, “cathode”, “electrode”, ”static”, “batteries” , “animal electricity” and so on. Faraday made the first electric generator. M. Faraday became the first Fullerian Professor of Chemistry. Albert Einstein kept a picture of Michael Faraday on his study wall.

D. Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) was a famous English inventor, whose steel-making process became the most important technique in the 19^th century for a hundred years from 1856 to 1950.

His invention was inspired by his conversation with Napoleon III in 1854. Napoleon needed better artillery. Bessemer started working on a way to produce steel in the massive quantities for it. He was a success. His process made steel easier, quicker and cheaper to produce. It was a revolution for engineering. Bessemer made about 100 other inventions in the fields of iron, steel and glass. He took an active part to establish the town of Sheffield as a great industrial center which nickname was “Steel City”.

In 1879 Bessemer was knighted by Queen Victoria. Nowadays there is the Bessemer Gold Medal for outstanding services to the steel industry. In the USA, where the Bessemer process had found much use, eight cities and towns bore his name.

E. James Nasmyth (1808-1890) was an outstanding Scottish engineer and inventor. He is famous for his development of the steam hammer.

James was born in the family of the portrait painter. Since his childhood he had been interested in mechanics. At school he learnt working with wool, brass, iron and steel. At the age of 17 Nasmyth made his first steam engine. Then he built a steam carriage for eight passengers. After that Nasmyth was occupied with producing locomotives for newly opened railways.

In 1840 Nasmyth was asked to make some machine tools of unusual size and power which were required for the construction of the large ship Great Britain. Nasmyth made a sketch of a great steam hammer which was produced by the German company of the brothers Schneider. By using the steam hammer production costs were reduced by 50percent. Nasmyth’s steam hammer was used for many great constructions all over the world such as the Nile barrage at Aswan, Egypt. It was sold across Europe to Russia, India, Australia.

The last years of his life Nasmyth devoted to astronomy. He built his own telescope and made detailed observations of the Moon. One of the Moon’s craters is named after him.

F. Alexander Bell (1847-1922) was a Scottish inventor, scientist and engineer who patented the first practical telephone.

The Bell’s mother became deaf when Alexander was a child and he started researching on hearing and speech. Bell studied acoustics and biology. He made a speaking head. Then Bell started his experiments with electricity and sound. Bell took an active part in teaching of the deaf due his father’s system of Visible Speech.

But Alexander was seriously ill, his brother died of tuberculosis. The family had to move to Canada where the climate was healthier for him. He worked in Montreal, Canada, and Boston, USA. In 1875 Bell’s experiments in acoustic telegraphy were a success. The first two-way conversation over a telephone took place between Cambridge and Boston. In 1878 Bell demonstrated the device to Queen Victoria but she did not realize its importance.

Bell’s invention became widely used in the USA. The first long distance line from New York and Chicago was set in 1892. In 1915 Bell made the first transcontinental telephone call between New York and San Francisco. Nowadays one can’t imagine the life without the Bell’s invention.

Tasks.

I. Read the text again and find out if the statements are True (T), Falls (F) or Not Stated (NS).

1. He started as an instrument maker and became a great inventor later.

2. Nasmyth invented a steam engine.

3. The first railway was built in Great Britain.

4. Watt got a lot of patents.

5. Bell was a teacher of the deaf.

6. Stephenson got education at home.

7. Napoleon III asked Bessemer to make better steel.

8. The building of railways was the greatest success of the Industrial Revolution. 9. Faraday started working as an assistant at the bookshop.

10. Many electrical terms were offered by James Watt.

II. Choose the correct subjects.

1. …didn’t understand the importance of his invention.

2. …was the first Faraday’s teacher of chemistry.

3. …carried coal from mines faster than horses.

4. …bought Nasmyth’s steam hammers.

5. …made a lot to produce cheap steel.

6. …knighted Bessemer.

7. …drew a model of the first steam hammer.

8. …taught James Watt.

9. …was a scientist of three countries.

10. …devoted the last days of his life to astronomy.

III. Match the names with the objects. One object is extra.

IV. Use the words in the correct form.

“ At the age of 20, Faraday attended lectures by the famous English 1 (chemistry) Humphry Davy. Faraday sent him a 300-page book 2(to base) on the notes that he had taken during his lectures. Davy’s reply was kind and 3 (favour). When Davy damaged his eyesight he employed Faraday as an 4 (to assist). Soon Davy entrusted Faraday with the 5(to prepare) of some chemicals and they both were injured in an 6(to explore).

V. Fill in the correct forms of the given words.

“ In 1815 Stephenson’s father 1(to blind) in a mining accident. The 2 (to pump) engine in the mine didn’t work 3 (proper) and Stephenson offered to prove it. He made it with such a success that he 4 (to employ) to repair all the colliery engines. After that Stephenson became an expert in 5 (steam to drive) machines.

VI. Match the beginning and the endings of the sentences. One ending is extra.

VII. Use the correct word. One word is extra.

“ As a child, Al. Bell felt 1.. about the world. He gathered 2.. specimens and ran 3.. at his early age. He showed a talent for art, 4.., music. He was 5.. touched with his mother becoming 6… He developed a special 7.. of speaking 8.. into his mother’s 9… It led him to study 10…”

VIII. Make a project on outstanding Russian inventors.

The Century of Glory and Prosperity

A. From the very beginning the 19^th century was successful for Britain. In 1805 The British fleet won a brilliant victory over the French navy near Spain at Trafalgar. The commander of the British fleet was Admiral Horatio Nelson. He defeated the French-Spanish fleet. Nelson was himself killed at Trafalgar, but he became one of the greatest national heroes. His statue was set up in the central London’s square named Trafalgar one.

In 1815 Arthur Wellington defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in Belgium. Wellington was a great commander as well. He fought the French with the Portuguese, Spanish and Prussians allies.

B. The industrial revolution made Britain“ the workshop of the world”. Britain was a leading iron producer in Europe. By 1850 Britain produced more iron and steel than the rest of the world together. It made possible to produce new machinery for other industries. New machinery replaced handwork. Other countries bought British weapons, equipments, ships, engines and other goods. In the19th century Britain changed from a nation of country people to a nation of townspeople. Such towns as Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester, Glasgow and Leeds grew into huge cities. London had a population of 1, 25 million. In 1851 Queen Victoria opened the Great Exhibition of the Industries of all Nation in the Crystal Palace in London. The Exhibition showed the world the greatness of Britain’s industries.

C. Britain’s trading position in the world was stronger than any other country’s. To defend its interests Britain kept its ships in every ocean of the world. The British fleet was the largest in the world. It had its ports in the Mediterranean Sea, the Indian Ocean, in South and West Africa, in Ceylon and Singapore. The British won China in Opium Wars and got the right to carry on profitable trade in opium.

D. Britain didn’t want any country to become too strong. Its main rival of that time was Russia. Britain supported the empires of Austria and Turkey against Russian growing influence. When Russia and Ottoman Turkey started war in the Crimea in 1853 Britain joined the Turks against Russia.

E. The most part of the 19^th century Britain was ruled by Queen Victoria. She was the first long-reigning monarch in English history. She reigned from 1837 until 1901. Her official title was Alexandrina Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India. She became a queen at eighteen. In 1840 she married the German Prince Albert-of Saxe-Coburg-Gother. The couple was a happy family. The Prince treated the men of all parties and degrees so heartedly that in five months of their marriage he was liked by everybody. His early death became a real tragedy not only for the queen but for the whole nation. There appeared many sights in London named after him, for example, Albert Hall, a world-known musical center.

F. The years of Victoria’s reign were the prosperous and glorious years of the British Empire. Britain controlled the largest part of the world having many colonies. The British occupied India and Afghanistan. The British companies controlled China. In South Africa they won the Dutch settlers in the Boer War. In 1882 Britain invaded Egypt “to protect international shipping” and the newly dug Suez Canal. The British moved to Canada, Australia, New Zealand. Most British strongly believed in their right to an empire and were proud of it.

Tasks.

I. Match the given headings with the paragraphs. One heading is extra.

1. The main rival.

2. The first railway system in the world.

3. The changing of the nation.

4. The conqueror of the world.

5. The British heroes.

6. British ships everywhere.

7. Powerful and unhappy.

II. Read the text and decide if each sentence in the task is True (T), False (F) or Not Stated (NT).

1. The 19^th century was unsuccessful for Britain.

2. H. Nelson had a great victory at sea.

3. A. Wellington defeated Napoleon with the help of Russia.

4. In the 19^th century Spain was still the main British rival.

5. The British built the Suez Canal.

6. China was successful at the Opium Wars.

7. Queen Victoria was successful in building the British Empire.

8. In the 19^th century Britain was the most powerful country in the world.

9. The Great Exhibition showed the world industrial development.

10. Britain started war in the Crimea in 1835.

III. Choose the subjects.

1. ….became “the workshop of the world”.

2. ….statue is on the top of the column in the centre of London.

3. ….was the product which made Britain Great.

4. ….. were lost by the Chinese.

5. …was the most powerful and respected monarch of the 19^th century.

6. …..was defeated by the British fleet at Trafalgar.

7. ….ships were in every ocean of the world.

8. ….won the Napoleon army.

9. ….was the main British rival.

10. …. were the main instruments of forming the British Empire.

IV. Fill in the correct article: a/an, the, 0.

“ Queen Victoria inherited (1) throne aged eighteen after her father’s (2) elder brothers’ death. She married (3) Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and (4) Gotha. They got nine children. (5) children married into (6) royal families across ( 7)continent. That’s why Queen Victoria earned (8) nickname “(19) grandmother of (10) Europe.”

V. Use the correct forms of the given words.

“During the 19^th century Britain was 1(success) conquering the world. At the 2(to begin) of the century the British defeated the 3(France) fleet at Trafalgar. Admiral Nelson became one of the 4(great) national heroes. A.Wellington commanded 5(Portugal), 6(Spain), 7 (Prussia) armies and defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Britain won the 8(China) at Opium wars. The British defeated the Dutch 9(to settle) in the Boer war. 10(Britain) moved to Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other countries of the world.

VI. Fill in the correct forms of the given words.

” The great example of the British 1(industry) power was its railway system. The 2(one) trains were goods trains. They transported goods 3(fast) and 4(cheap). In 1840 the total 5(long) of the British railways was 2.400 miles. Railways connected 6(industry) cities and small towns. In 1851 the railway companies provided passenger train 7(to serve). People could travel much 8(quick) and 9(easy). With the 10(to introduce) of the railway system the British economy and the people’s life had changed.

VII. Choose the correct words and find out the nickname of Britain (#12) at the end of the 18^th century.

“The industrial revolution took place at the (1) of George III. In 1764 a (2) machine was invented. In 1785 a (3) machine was made. Thousands of (4) lost their jobs. The British used (5) and (6) for producing (7). Britain produced new (8). British (9) became (10). Britain became a great industrial (11) and “the (12 - ?) of the world.”

The Star of the Century

A. From 1952 till 2022 the United Kingdom has been headed by Queen Elizabeth II. Her reign lasted 70 years and 214 days. She was the longest lived and the longest-reigning monarch in the world history. She became queen at hard times for the British Empire. After the First World War Britain was still one of the” Big Three” (after the USA and the Soviet Union) then after the Second world War it became just a rich ordinary country. The reason of it was the lost of its colonies. The process was started by Ireland. In 1937 Southern Ireland was declared a republic. Only Northern Ireland with Ulster remained united with Britain. In 1947 the British left India. The following year Ceylon became independent. In 1956 Britain lost its control over the Suez Canal. Between1947-1955 500 million people in former British colonies became self-governing. Britain tried to keep international ties with its former colonies and formed the British Commonwealth of Nation headed by British Queen as free and equal members. The Former colonies joined the Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth II started as regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan,Ceylon.

B. Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor was born 21 April 1926. The girl was the first child of the Duke and the Duchess of York. Nobody expected her to become a queen. In 1936 her grandfather King George V died. Elizabeth loved him and called “Grandpa England”. Her uncle, her father’s elder brother, was to become a king but he was in love with an American divorced woman and the Parliament opposed their marriage. Elizabeth’s father acceded to the throne after his brother King Edward VIII abdicated the throne and became British King in 1936.

C. At salad years the future queen was called “Lilibet” for her childish beauty. She was educated privately at home. Her lessons concentrated on history, languages, literature and music. The girl adored horses and dogs. W. Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a”character”. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War. She stood in for her father at public events. It happened during his tour in Canada and in the USA. She knew French perfectly and used it well. At the age of 18 Elizabeth was appointed in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. She trained as a driver and a mechanic.

D. Queen Elizabeth II was the Head of the Commonwealth of Nations and the most widely travelled head of state. She took a seven-month round the –world tour visiting thirteen countries and covering more than40.000 miles by land, sea and land. Elizabeth II was the first reigning monarch to visit Australia and New Zealand. In 1986 she visited China. In 1994 she made an official visit to Russia. In 1997 she travelled to India.

F. In November 1947 Elizabeth married Philip Mountbatten, a former Prince of Greece and Denmark. Their marriage lasted seventy three years until his death in April 2021. They had four children: Charles, Prince of Wales, Anne, Andrew and Edward. The Queen had two grandsons and four great-grandsons. Her elder son Charles succeeded the throne in 2022. The British celebrated her Silver, Gold, Diamond and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, 2022. Her state funeral lasted 10 days.

I. Match the given headings with the paragraphs. One heading is extra.

1. The monarch of many countries.

2. A beautiful child.

3. Numerous official visits.

4. The time of losses.

5. The destiny.

6. The private life.

7. The Head of the government.

II. Read the text one more and decide if given sentences True (T), False (F) or Not Stated (NT).

1. The Princess took part in World War II.

2. The Princes was not good at mathematics.

3. The Queen could drive herself.

4. W. Churchill had meetings with Elizabeth.

5. Ireland became independent after World War II.

6. The new British king has got the title Charles II.

7. King George V loved Lilibet.

8. India left the British colony before World War II.

9. Elizabeth II had been reigning the UK for seventeen years.

1. Fill in the correct forms of the given verbs.

In September 1939 Britain 1(to enter) the Second World War. The Parliament 2(to suggest) that Princess Elizabeth and Margaret 3(to evacuate) to Canada to avoid the aerial bombings of London But their mother 4(to declare),“ The children 5(to go) without me. I 6(to leave) without the King. And the King 7(to leave) never the UK”.

1. Use the correct forms of the given words.

The future queen 1(to meet) her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and in 1937. They were 2(three) cousins through Queen Victoria. After their 3(to meet) at the Royal 4(Navy) College in 1939 Elizabeth said she 5(to fall) in love with Philip. Elizabeth was thirteen. Philip was eighteen at that time. They began to exchange letters. She was twenty one when their 6( to engage) was 7(official) announced in 1947.

V. Choose the correct forms of the given words.

“King Charles III, the 1(one) son of the Queen, was married 2(two). Diana Spencer or Lady Di was 3(popular) than her husband. She was born in the 4(Britain) nobility and grew up close to the royal family. Their 5(to wed) took place at St. Paul’s Cathedral in 1981. Diana’s glamour made her a 6(nation) icon. As a Princess of Wales Diana took an 7(to act) part in charity. She was against of 8(to use) of landmines. She tried to help people with mental 9(ill). Diana’s death in a car crash in Paris in 1997 led to 10(globe) media attention.”

VI. Match the beginning with the ending of the sentences. One ending is extra.

VII. You have received a letter from your English-speaking friend Rabin fromIndia.

Write him a letter and answer his three questions. Write 100-120 words. Remember the rules of writing.

Ответы к кроссвордам

Stonehenge

Alfred the Great

Westminster Abbey

The Tower of London

Robin Hood

Towns

Wars in the English History

Elizabeth I

Wool and “Utopia”

The Victorian Age

Литература

1. Ощепкова В.В., Шустилова И.И. – О Британии вкратце.- М.: Новая школа, 1997.

2. Усова Г.С. –История Англии – Санкт-Петербург.: «Лань», 2001