Разнообразие местоимений в английском языке

Exercise 1. Выберите правильную форму местоимений из скобочек.

l.Tell him not to forget (his, his) ticket; she mustn't forget (her, hers) either. 2. I'm afraid I've lost (my, mine) pen. Can you lend me (your, yours). 3. Lend them (your, yours) dictionary. They have left (their, theirs) at home. 4. My bag is heavier than (your, yours). 5. We've taken our dictionaries. Has she taken (her, hers)? 6. Those seats are not (our, ours). 7. Would you like to see some of (her, hers) latest -works? 8. She hasn't read (your, yours) poems yet. 9. If this book is neither (her, hers) nor (his, his), it is probably (my, mine). 10. (Their, theirs) knowledge of the subject is not much better than (our, ours). 11. I'm afraid they will use (your, yours) words against (her, hers). 12. All (our, ours) clothes were very dirty, and (my, mine) especially so. 13. I don't know which things are (your, yours) and which are (our, ours). 14. (Their, theirs) boat was faster than (our, ours). 16. This is (your, yours) notebook, and that is (his, his). But where is (my, mine)? 17. Whose poems did you like more: (her, hers) or that young poet? 18. His composition is much more interesting than (your, yours) or (my, mine). 19. She told me about (her, hers) business trip yesterday. 20. I'll read you (my, mine) composition and you'll readme (your, yours). 21. His brother and (my, mine) worked in St. Petersburg last year.

Возвратные местоимения

Exercise 1. Вместо точек вставьте соответствующие местоимения.

1. I will ask him .... 2. She will answer the letter.... 3. We'll do it.... 4. Did you invite him ... ? 5. He wants to do it ... . 6. Be careful. You will hurt.... 7.1 looked at... in the mirror. 8. They told me the news .... 9. They built their house .... 10. Go and wash ... . 11. Be careful with the knife, you may cut... . 12. He thinks too much of ... . 13. Sit down and make ... at home. 14. She looked in the mirror and couldn't recognize.... 15. We introduced... as journalists. 16. I can't explain it ... . 17.1 bought ... a new coat yesterday. 18. We prepared the design .... 19. It speaks for.... 20. You... invited them to take part in your -work. 21. Go skiing next Saturday and I'm sure you'll enjoy... . 22. The Browns never talk about... . 23. Bill is going to show the Sedovs about the city. 24. Don't worry! We'll settle the problem .... 25. Did Mr. Green ... speak to Peter?

Запомните : by myself = on my own, alone (один )

eg. I like living by myself. - Мненравитсяжитьодной .

Exercise 2. Перефразируйте выделенные части предложения, используя возвратные местоимения.

1. He was quite _alone_ in the room. 2. We saw it _with our own eyes_. 3.1 kept it _secret_. 4. They live _on their own_. 5. You needn't come personally _.6. He _looks another man_ today. 7. Do you cook _your own meals_? 8. They left us _alone_. 9. He imagined _he was a genius_. 10. Did you study the language _without a teacher_? 11. When I came there I was met by _none other than_ the chief of the laboratory. 12. They divided it among _each other•_. 13. Did you go on holiday _on your own_? 14. We heard the news _with our own ears_. 15. When I see her, she is always _alone_. 16. She looked in the mirror and couldn't recognize _her reflection_. 17. They built the cottage _with their own hands_. 18. I don't like strawberries with cream. Hike them _on their own_. 19.1 like to do things _without any help or advice_.

Вопросительныеместоимения

Who, whom, whose, what, which. Exercise 1. Вместо точек вставьте одно из вопросительных местоимений.

...1. will help me? 2.... of you will help me? 3.... of these girls is the youngest? 4.... is your hat? 5. ... is your telephone number? 6. ... pencil is this, Peter's or Helen's? 7. ... are you drinking? 8. ... are you expecting? 9. ... understands this rule? 10. ... of you understands this rule? 11. ... teaches you English? 12.... is he? He is an engineer. 13.... trees grow in your garden? 14.... of you am I to thank for this? 15. ... English books have you read this term? 16. ... do you know about him? 17. ... gloves are these? They are mine. 18. ... piece of cake will you have? 19. ... pencil is yours? 20. ... is the way to the theatre? 21. ... knows his address? 22. ... would you like to drink? 23. ... would you like to drink: mineral water or lemonade? 24.... of these cakes can I take? 25.... is the coldest season of the year?

Exercise 2. Напишите вопросы к подчеркнутым словам.

1. I am looking _at him.. 2. Petrov is a _doctor. 3. They are talking _about the international situation. 4. They are _painters. 5. That is _my sister's_ dog. 6. Some English _books_ are lying on the table. 7. _The children_ are sitting under the tree. 8. He is waiting Jor me. 9. We saw _Andrew_ yesterday. 10. That man is Jvanov. 11. That book is mine. 12.1 bought _some red pencils yesterday. 13. May is _the fifth _ month of the year. 14.1 rang up _my sister. 15. _The dining-room is the largest room in the house. 16. The man asked Jor a cup of tea. 17. He has brought _a gold_ -watch. 18. He dictated the letter _to the secretary. 19. This telegram is from my father. 20. _Mathematics is the most difficult subject that I study. 21. I spoke _to the director•_ about it. 22. The director's_ office is on the third floor. 23. The height of this building is _one hundred metres.

Местоименияsome , any , no и их производные

Someупотребляется со значением несколько, какие-то, какие-нибудь, немного в утвердит, предл., в спец. вопросах, а так же в общих вопросах, где что-нибудь предлагается или выражается какая-нибудь просьба:

eg . He asked me some questions . - Он задал мне несколько вопросов. Why didn ' t you buy some cheese ? - Почему вы не купили сыру? Won't you have some tea? - He хотителивычаю ? Can I have some cold water ? - He могу ли я получить холодной воды?

Anyупотребляется со значением несколько, какие-то, какие-нибудь, немного в отриц. предл., общих ( прямых и косвенных ) вопросах, в условных предл., а так же в утвердит, и вопросит, предлож. со значением всякий, любой:

ex . Have you got any interesting books ?-Есть ли у вас (какие-нибудь) интересные книги? Не asked - whether I had any books on radio . — Он спросил, есть ли у меня (какие-нибудь) книги по радио.

If there are any new magazines in the library , take some for me . - Если в библиотеке есть (какие- нибудь) новые журналы, возьмите несколько журналов для меня.

Местоименияsome , any , no в сочетании с one , body , thing образуют местоимения существительные и с whereнаречия:someone , somebody - кто-то, кто- нибудь, something - что-то, что-нибудь; somewhere - где-то, куда-то, где-нибудь, куда-нибудь; anyone , anybody - кто-нибудь, anything - что-нибудь; anywhere - где-то, куда-то, где-нибудь, куда-нибудь; по one , nobody - никто, nothing - ничто, nowhere - нигде, никуда.

Exercise 1. Вставьтеsome, any илипо.

1. There are... schools in this street. 2. Are there... pictures in your book. 3. There are... flowers here in winter. 4. I can see... children in the yard. They are playing. 5. Are there... new buildings in your street? 6. There are... people in the park because it is cold. 7. I saw... boys in the garden but Mike was not among them. 8. They brought... books from the library. 9. Give me... tea, please, I'm thirsty. 10. Dinner was not yet ready, so she gave the children... bread and butter because they were hungry. 11. Do you want milk in your coffee? 12. Have you got... time to spare? I'd like to ask you... questions.

Exercise 2. Заполните пропуски, вставив одно из слов, данных в скобках.

1. We haven't... black stockings (any, no). 2. They have... red boots, Kate (any, no). 3. I don't want... today, thank you (nothing, anything). 4. "I haven't got... clean exercise-books, Mother," said the boy (any, no). "We won't buy... in this shop, children, "said the mother (nothing, anything). 5. Didn't you buy... potatoes yesterday (any, no)? 6.1 didn't see... in the street when I went out (anybody, nobody). 7. We didn't play... games in the yard because it was raining all day long (no, any). 8. There is... at home (anybody, nobody). 9. How much did you pay for these boots? -1 didn't pay ... They are a present from my grandmother (nothing, anything). 10. Have you lost... (anything, nothing)? 11. No, nobody here has lost... (anything, nothing).

Exercise 3. Вставьтеsome , any , no или оставьте пропуски незаполненными, смотря по смыслу.

1. There is... ink in my pen. 2. Is there... snow in the street this morning? 3. Are there... chess­ players here? 4. There are... diagrams in the new book. 5. Are there... newspapers on the table? 6. Was there... water in the glass or... milk? 7. There was... soap in the box. 8. There are... letters for you on the table. 9. Were there... of your teachers at the stadium? 10. There were... students from our group at the consultation yesterday. 11. Will there be... concerts at the club next month? 12. There were... yellow and green pencils on the table. 13. People need... oxygen for breathing.

Exercise 4. Вставьтеsome , any , no , the илиоставьтепропускинезаполненными.

1. Суп (вообще) содержит много воды. ... soup contains much water.

2.Супготов . ... soup is ready.

3. Дайте мне супу. Give me... soup.

4. Название этого супа - консоме. The name of... soup is "Consomme".

5. Прежде всего нам нужно согреть воды.First of all we must heat... water.

6. Прежде всего нам нужно согреть воду.First of all we must heat... water.

7. Вода состоит из кислорода и водорода. ... water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

8.Мылонеобходимодлямытья. ... soap is necessary for washing.

9.Наумывальникенетмыла. There is... soap on the wash stand.

10.Мылонаполке. ... soap is on the shelf. И. Мне не нравится цвет этого мыла. I don't like the colour of... soap.

12.Естьлиуваскарболовоемыло? Have you got... carbolic soap?

13. В Карелии много фабрик, которые выпускают бумагу. There are many factories in Karelia that produce... paper.

14.Бумагадлястенгазетынастоле. ... paper for the wall newspaper is on the table.

15. Дайте мне бумаги. Give me ...paper.

16. Я очень люблю этот сорт бумаги. I like this sort of... paper very much.

17.Передаймнемасло. Pass me... butter, please.

18.Дайемумасла. Give him... butter.

19.Янехочумасла. I don't want... butter.

20. Эта ферма производит масло. This firm produces... butter.

21. В этом стакане нет молока. There is... milk in this glass.

22. Возьми варенья. Take ... jam .

23. Возьми варенье. Take ... jam .

24. Любите ли вы бекон? Do you like ...bacon?

25.Каковаценабекона? What is the price of... bacon?

26. Он никогда не кладет сахар в чай. Не never puts... sugar in his tea.

27.Сахар - важныйпищевойпродукт. ... sugar is an important food product.

Exercise 5. Вставьте производные от some , any , no :

а) something, anything, nothing или everything

1. ... is all right, the patient is much better today. 2. Is there... interesting in the program of the concert? 3.1 could see... : it was quite dark. 4. Give me... to drink. 5.1 didn't take any money with me, so I couldn 't buy ... . 6. My new eyeglasses are very good, I can see ... now. 7.1 saw... near the wood that looked like a tent.

б ) somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody

1. Has ... in the group got a dictionary? 2. ... left a magazine in our classroom yesterday. 3. The question was so difficult that... could answer it. 4.1am afraid I shan't be able to find... in the office now: it's too late. 5. ... knows that water is necessary for life. 6. Is there... here who knows French? 7. You must find ...who can help you. 8. ... knew anything about America before Columbus discovered it. 9.1 saw... in the train yesterday who looked like you.

в ) somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere

1. I put my dictionary... yesterday and now I can't find it. - Of course, that is because you leave your books ... . 2. You must go ... in summer. 3. Did you go ... on Sunday? 4.1 haven't seen him ... . 5.1 know the place is... about here, but exactly where I don't know. 6. Did you go... yesterday? - No, I went... , I stayed at home the whole day.

Exercise 6. Вставьте some , any , no или их производные.

Can... see? No, ... can't see. ... people are blind. Blind people can't see. They can't see ....They can see ....Can ... hear? No, ... can't hear. ... people are deaf. People who are quite deaf can't hear. They can't hear...; they can hear.... Can we see...? No, we can't see.... We cannot see the air. ... can see the air. We can't walk without legs and feet. People without legs and feet can't walk. They can't walk ....They can walk....Can you see... in an empty box? No, I can't see... in an empty box. I can see ... in an empty box. Why not? Because there is... in an empty box. There isn't... in an empty box. What is an empty box? An empty box is a box that has... in it. An empty box is a box without... in it. An empty room is a room without... in it.

Относительные местоимения

Относительные местоим. who (кто), whom (кого), whose (чей), what (что, какой), which (который, который, кто, что), that (который) служат для связи придаточного предложения с главным и являются членами придаточного предложения:

а ) подлежащим ,

eg. I don't know which of them speaks Spanish.

It is unknown who has done it. (Which of them иwhoявляются подлежащими придаточных предложений.)

б ) дополнением ,

eg. This is not what I want. (Whatявляется дополнением придат. предл.)

в ) определением ,

eg. This is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday. He showed me the letter which he had received from his brother.

(Whomиwhichявляются определением придат. предложений. В данной функции вместо них можно использовать местоим. thatили вовсе их опустить),

eg. This is the man that we saw in the park yesterday. (This is the man we saw yesterday.)

He showed me the letter that he had received from his brother. ( He showed me the letter he had received from his friend.)

Exercise 1. Вместо точек вставьте соответствующие относительные местоимения. В тех случаях, где наряду с одним местоим. можно употребить другое, поставьте его в скобочках.

1. Do you know the man... wrote this letter? 2. The magazine... you lent me is very interesting. 3. The street... leads to the station is very wide. 4. The doctor... she visited told her to stay in bed. 5. The man... you want to see has just left. 6. This is the student... book you found. 7. The girl... you see at the door is my sister. 8. A friend of mine... was present at the meeting told me all about it. 9. Is the man with... you spoke a writer? 10. These are some of the finest pictures... I have ever seen. 11. He will be glad of any help... you can give him. 12. This is the only example... I can give you. 13. Yesterday I met my brother... showed me a letter... he had received from our parents. 14. My youngest sister... you met at my house last week has just got married. 15. I went fishing last Sunday... is one of the pleasantest way of spending one's free time. 16. He has three sons... all work at the same factory. 17. The State Hermitage Museum... was damaged during the blockade of Leningrad has now been fully repaired. 18. The damage... was caused by the German fascists to collective farms was great.

Exercise 2. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Книга, которую вы мне дали вчера, очень интересная. 2. А. - единственный студент, который написал этот диктант с ошибками. 3. Девушка, о которой он говорил вам, - сестра моего приятеля. 4. Он отказался помочь своему приятелю, что меня очень удивило. 5. Человек, которого мы встретили в коридоре, директор нашего института. 6. Это студент, сочинение которого я вам показывал. 7. Студент, которому я одолжил словарь , принесёт его завтра утром. 8. Студент, словарём которого я пользуюсь, попросил меня вернуть его ему сегодня вечером. 9. Это самая интересная книга, которую я когда-либо читал по этому вопросу. 10. Мы прошли мимо комнаты, дверь которой была закрыта. 11. Он помог мне нести мой чемодан, что было очень любезно с его стороны. 12. В лесу было уже много деревьев, листья которых были совсем жёлтые. 13. Поезд из Москвы, который должен прибыть в 5.30, опаздывает. 14. Это та книга, которую вы ищете? 15. Это дом, в котором я жил в детстве. 16. Дерево, из которого сделана эта мебель, очень твердое.

Exercise 3. Опустите, где можно, относительное местоимение. Принеобходимостипереставьтепредлог .

1. Is that the man who you are waiting for? 2. The house that I live in was built ten years ago. 3.1 have found the book which I lost last week. 4. Do you like the house that they have built? 5. I'd like to see the tree from which you have picked these apples. 6. My sister to whom the letter was addressed opened it and read it attentively. 7. The library is in the house that stands at the corner. 8. The book which is lying on the table is mine. 9. He showed me a beautiful picture which he bought during his business trip. 10. This was an answer that no one expected. 11. I have brought you the book about which I spoke to you yesterday. 12. There are many people who do not smoke. 13. The subject that I like best is mathematics. 14. Yesterday I met an old friend whom I didn't recognize at once. 16. That is the matter about which I must speak to you. 17. Petrov whom you saw at my house last week has been appointed chief engineer of our plant. 18. This is the hotel at which we stayed. 19. The man who you spoke to in the street is my English teacher. 20. You will find this news in any paper which you'll read. 21. This is the dictionary that you asked for. 22. The shop from which we buy vegetables is shut on Mondays.

Местоименияmuch , many , little , few

Местоименияmuch (много) иlittle (мало) употребляются с неисчисляемыми сущ-ми в единственном числе,

eg . much snow - много снега, а не много снегов ( snow - ед. число) little luggage - мало багажа, а не мало багажей ( luggage - ед. число)

Местоименияmany (много) иfew (мало) употребляются с исчисляемыми сущ-ми во множественном числе,

eg. many books - многокниг few mistakes - малоошибок

Muchиlittleтакже употребляются с глаголами и являются наречиями,

eg. to work much - многоработать ,

to sleep little - малоспать . Much, many, little, few употребляютсяснаречиямиtoo ( слишком ), very ( очень ), so ( так ),

напр,so many people так много людей, to eat too much - слишком много есть.

Местоим.muchиmanyупотребляются главным образом в вопросительных и отрицательных

предложениях. В утвердительных предложениях правильнее использовать их синонимыa lot

(of), lots (of), plenty (of) передисчисл . инеисчисл . сущ - ми , атакжесинонимыa great deal (of), a

good deal (of) переднеисчисл . сущ - мииa great many (of), a good many (of) передисчисл . сущ - ми ,

напр.Do you have many French books? I didn't spend much time on the translation.

We have plenty of time.

There are plenty of English books in the library. There is a great deal of snow this winter.

They have a good many friends in France.

Местоим.little nfew с неопр. артиклем а имеют значение немного, несколько, напр,a little water - немного воды,

a few friends - несколькодрузей .

Exercise 1. Вставьтеlittle, a little, few или a few.

1. Ihave... time, so I can't go with you. 2. He has... English books. 3. There is... ink in this ink-pot. 4. There are... bears in the Zoo. 5.1 have... money, so we can go to the cinema. 6. This girl works very... and she knows nothing. 7. Mother gave us... apples and we were very glad. 8. He had... friends in the camp and he was not happy. 9. It's no use asking him about it. He has... knowledge of the subject. 10. He drank... water and felt much better. 11. There was very... water in the glass. 12. The chairman said... words at the beginning of the meeting. 13. May I have... wine, please? 14. Hurry up! We have very... time. 15. This town is not a very interesting place to visit, so... tourists come here. 16.1 don't think Jill will be a good teacher. She has got... patience ( терпение ). 17. "When did you last see Clare?" - "... days ago." 18. She is lucky. She has... problems. 19. The village was very small. There were only... houses. 20. He spoke... English, so it was difficult to communicate with him. 21. It was a surprise that he won a match. ... people expected him to win.

Exercise 2. Вставьтеmuch, many илиихсинонимыa lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great deal of, a great many of.

1. He has not... friends in Mocow. 2. He has... friends. 3. He has as... friends as I have. 4. He has got... work to do. 5. He hasn't got...work to do today. 6. Have you invited...people to the party? 7. We have invited... people to the party. 8. You have invited too...people to the party. 9. I haven't bought... apples. 10. I have bought... apples. 11. He didn't know... about it. 12. He didn't spend... money. 13. Sue drinks... tea. 14. We'll have to hurry. We haven't got... time. 14. Did it cost... to repair the car? 15. I use the phone... at work. 16. They've got so... money they don't know what to do with it. 17. Did you take... photographs when you were on holiday? 18. I'm not very busy today. I haven't got... to do. 19. There were... plates on the table. 20. She wrote us ... letters from the sanatorium. 21. ... in this work was too difficult for me. 22. ... of the students don't like to look up words in the dictionary. 23. There are... new pictures at the exhibition. 24.1 can't go to the cinema with you because I have... work to do.

Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий

I . Односложные и двусложные ( оканчивающиеся на -ow , - er , -у, -Ые) прилагательные образуют
степени сравнения при помощи суффиксов -er , - est ,

напр,large - larger - the largest (большой - больше - самый большой),

narrow - narrow - the narrowest ( широкий - шире - самыйширокий ),

clever — cleverer - the cleverest ( умный - умнее - самыйумный ),

heavy - heavier - heaviest (тяжелый - тяжелее - самый тяжелый),

noble - nobler - the noblest (благородный - благороднее - благороднейший).

II . Остальные двусложные и все многосложные образуют степени сравнения при помощи слов
тоге (более) иthe most (самый),

напр , modern - more modern - the most modern.

III.Исключения : good (хороший ) - better - the best, bad ( плохой ) - worse - the worst, much ( много ) -
more - the most, many ( много ) more - the most, little ( мало ) - less - the least, far ( далекий / дальнейший )
-farther / further - the farthest / the furthest, old (старый / старший ) - older / elder - the oldest / the
eldest.

IV.as... as (so... as) - такойже ... как not so... as - нетакой ... как

V. Запомните перевод следующих конструкций:

The more we study the more we know. - Чем больше мы учимся, тем больше мы знаем.

Exercise 1. Переведите на русский язык.

1. Boris is one of the best pupils in our class. 2. Which is more interesting, to go to the cinema or to watch a new film on TV? 3. Who is the tallest in your class? 4.1 get up earlier than my sister. 5. Her answer is the worst. 6. Today it is as rainy as it was yesterday. 7. The Black sea is bigger than the White sea. 8. Who is younger, you or your friend? 9. Today is the happiest day of my life. 10. This is the most interesting film I've ever seen. 11. The bedroom isn't so light as the living room. 12. Which is the shortest month of the year? February is. 13. The new building of Moscow University is one of the highest buildings of Moscow. 14. She speaks English best of all. 15. The more you study the better you know the subject. 16. The more powerful our industry is, the stronger is our country. 17. The greater the molecular velocity is, the higher is the temperature of the body. 18. My brother is much younger than myself. 19. The first edition of the dictionary is good, the new one is still better. 20. The sound became louder and louder. 21. The longer the day, the shorter the night. 22. In my opinion "The Swan Lake" is the best ballet we have. 23. I heard the both reports. The first one was much more interesting than the second one. 24. We need a smaller wardrobe as the room isn't large. 25. This is the least complicated problem of all.

Exercise 2. Раскройтескобки , поставивприлагательноевнужнойформе .

1. At first I couldn't say which story in the collection was...; they were all..., but now I see that the last was.... (funny). 2. That was his... step, (clever). 3. The opera theatre is one of the... buildings in the city, (beautiful). 4. This problem is as... as the others, (serious). 5. He always chooses... way. (easy). 6.1 don't like your behaviour. You ought to be... (respectful). 7. Are there any... seats? (cheap). 8. Try on both hats and see which is... (becoming). 9. Which is... mountain in the world? (high). 10. Davy was... of the two brothers, (talented). 11.1 cannot imagine... situation, (silly). 12. The party was not so... as I had expected, (interesting). 13. And the day was very....... of all the days, (significant - знаменательный ) 14. The... light in the room grew... . (dim тусклый ). 15. John was... as a girl, (sensitive). 16.This is... room in the house, (sunny). 17. He was... . He was... than any of his classmates, (industrious). 18. I have no one... than you. (near). 19. Who are the... members of the club? (old) 20. I always admired my... twin brother, (old). 21. Is there a... train passing here? (late). 22. What is the... news? (late). 23. We were in a hurry to catch the... bus. (late). 24. ... details will be given next time. (far). 25. In the... end of the exhibition hall we saw a group of young people, (far).